In the early twentieth century, the anatomical nomenclature of the avian telencephalon (cerebrum) was developed on the basis of flawed assumptions about homology to mammals. The classic terminology implied that the majority of the avian telencephalon was basically composed of nuclei forming massive basal ganglia which controlled only simple, unlearned behavior. Later research revealed that this...

Calls of avian predators potentially predict danger for murine rodents. Indeed, exposure of field-experienced rodents to owl calls induces defensive behavior suggesting that recognition of vocalizations of avian predators is innate. To address this hypothesis, we investigated whether laboratory-reared and predator-naive rodents (mice, gerbils, rats) express defensive behavior in response to cal...

Human influenza pandemics have historically been caused by reassortant influenza A viruses using genes from human and avian viruses. This genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses has been known to occur in swine during viral circulation, as swine are capable of circulating both avian and human viruses. Therefore, avian-to-swine transmission of viruses plays an important role in the ...

Avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) was recently discovered in chickens from the USA that had hepatitis-splenomegaly (HS) syndrome. The complete genomic sequence of avian HEV shares about 50 % nucleotide sequence identity with those of human and swine HEVs. The open reading frame 2 (ORF2) protein of avian HEV has been shown to cross-react with human and swine HEV ORF2 proteins, but the B-cell e...

this study represents an intelligence procedure for diagnosis simultaneously avian newcastle disease virus, infection bronchitis virus and influenza using heart sound signal. for this aim, the chickens were divided into four groups. the first group was considered as control samples. the second, third and fourth groups were infected with newcastle disease virus, infection bronchitis and avian in...

Transmission of avian influenza viruses from bird to human is a rare event even though avian influenza viruses infect the ciliated epithelium of human airways in vitro and ex vivo. Using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE), we demonstrate that while human and avian influenza viruses efficiently infect at temperatures of the human distal airways (37 degrees C), avian, but...

in this study, the pathogenicity of a/ch/it/5093/1999 h7n1 which had been isolated from chicken during the outbreak in italy was assessed in chicken by experimental infection virus. ten spf chickens of four week-old were inoculated with this virus, and five chickens were inoculated with uninfected allantoic fluid. for determination of virus shedding, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken f...

influenza is one of the most important viral diseases that is common among the birds and the mammalsand is caused by specific viruses that belong to the orthomyxoviridae family. migratory aquatic birds arethe reservoir of the disease and there is a likelihood of the disease in any region. there are differentmethods for detecting the avian influenza, but by the point of detection rates, the elis...

avian pneumovirus (apv) causes turkey rhinotracheitis (trt) and swollen head syndrome (shs) of chickens, which is usually accompanied by secondary bacterial infections that increase mortality. in iran, some serological studies indicated that apv infection is endemic in commercial poultry industry. in this study we diagnosed apv genome molecularly in suspected broiler flock (4 weeks) in iran and...