The aim of this study was to investigate the trends of axillary lymph node evaluation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients treated with breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and to identify the clinicopathological predictors of axillary evaluation. DCIS patients treated with BCT in 2006-2015 at our institute were retrospectively included in the analysis. Patients were categorized into three gr...

Knowledge of muscular, vascular, and neural variations in the axilla is of great clinical importance, especially in mastectomies, breast reconstruction, and axillary bypass operations. In the present paper, we report unilateral variations observed in the axillary region of a male cadaver. A fibromuscular axillary arch was observed on the right side. On the same side, there was a bifurcated axil...

Forward genetics is the identification and characterization of gene that responsible for mutant phenotype. It starts with measurement or observation a phenotype followed by mapping causative loci genes. In addition, forward genetic approaches are, unbiased in terms since primary level measurement. Reverse genetics, on other hand, analyzes an organism following disruption known gene. To generate...

BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is an intraepithelial carcinoma usually occurring on the skin or mucosa of the perineum. Clinically, it resembles eczema or dermatitis, and misdiagnosis and treatment delays are common. The treatment of choice for EMPD is a wide excision with adequate margins. Wide excision with intraoperative frozen biopsy and Mohs micrographic surgery are common ...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the axillopectoral muscle anomaly commonly known as Langer's axillary arch, and to understand its importance in surgical procedures of the axilla. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2009 and 2011, 758 patients underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy, axillary dissection, or both. Patients with Langer's axillary arch were identified and assessed retrospe...

Proximal humerus fractures are rarely associated with axillary artery injury. We present a case of a 59-year-old female who had fracture neck humerus along with absent pulsations in the left upper limb after blunt trauma. Computed tomographic angiogram revealed complete occlusion of the left axillary artery. Urgent surgical intervention was done in the form of fixation of fracture followed by e...

Preservation of water quality, particularly in areas with inadequate water resources is considered as one of the principles of planning in integrated water management. In Kuhdasht, a region at the west of Iran, groundwater and spring water resources are the major contributors of drinking and irrigation water supply. The aim of this study was to determine the suitability and mapping of springs a...

background : seroma formation is a common problem following axillary dissection. it is probably caused by a local inflammatory response. local steroids may prevent this problem by inhibiting inflammatory response at the wound site. methods : this randomized prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of local triamcinolone injection on seroma formation following axillary dissection....

Variations of the brachial plexus occurs in the formation of trunks, divisions, and cords; in the origin and/or combination of branches; and in the relationship to the axillary artery and scalene muscles, however the make up of the terminal branches (components of the nerves) is unchanged [1]. The three cords of brachial plexus enter the axilla and are arranged according to their names around t...