In the four previous parts of this series of articles, level measurement using a floating system, using pressure instruments, using radar waves and using ultrasonic waves were discussed. The instruments offered by Indumart company applicable for each method were also recommended. In the final part of this article, level measurement using capacitance, conductivity probes, vibration forks, therma...

The paper elucidates the physical basis of experimental results on superluminal signal velocity. It will be made plausible that superluminal signals do not violate the principle of causality but they can shorten the vacuum time span between cause and effect. The causal behaviour is based on the property that a physical signal has a finite duration as a result of its frequency band limitation.

Video signals differ from image signals in several important characteristics. Of course the most important difference is that video signals have a camera frame rate of anywhere from 15 to 60 frames/s, which provides the illusion of smooth motion in the displayed signal. Another difference between images and video is the ability to exploit temporal redundancy as well as spatial redundancy in des...

In this paper, we briefly review the scheme of counting statistics, in which a probability of the number of monitored or target transitions in a Markov jump process is evaluated. It is generally easy to construct a master equation for the Markov jump process, and the counting statistics enables us to straightforwardly obtain basic equations of the counting statistics from the master equation; t...

teractions with the world. It is through our bodies that we undertake our daily activities, pursue our goals, and interact with each other. However, the body is not a mere vessel that houses the true self, but is constitutive of that self. Our physical bodies are crucial to how we see ourselves and how others see us. They are fundamental to our identities, where our bodies serve as a locus for ...

In the present study, we provide a detailed analysis for the study of photonic metamaterials. We demonstrate the polarization and orientation dependent transmission response of split ring resonators at the infrared and visible band. We provided optical measurements only for one case, in which electric component of the incident field was coupled to planar split ring resonator array. We consecuti...

A FT spectrometer is an interferometer. Its historical and most widely known configuration is the Michelson interferometer, shown on Fig. 1. A beam-splitter is used for dividing the light to be spectrally analyzed into two beams. After they have been reflected on two distinct mirrors, the two beams are recombined by the same beam-splitter and sent to a detector. One of the mirrors is fixed, whi...

This is a draft Chapter from a book by the authors on “Lévy Driven Volatility Models”.

Signalling concerns the transfer of information from one body, a source, to another, a receiver in order to stimulate activity. The problem arises with the word information. It is defined as what is transferred in a sequence of things, say between people, e.g. words or signs. The idea of signalling between people is then obvious but it is not clear in cell biology. Information transfer, signall...

The basic equations and geometry of gravitational lensing are described, as well as the most important contexts in which it is observed in astronomy: strong lensing, weak lensing and microlensing.