Modern video cameras often only capture a single color per pixel in a single pass operation. This process is called ltering, where pixels are ltered through a color lter array, and the Bayer lter is perhaps the most common lter used today. This means that the missing color channels must be restored in the image or the video frame in a post-processing step, i.e., a process referred to as debayer...

This paper presents a color demosaicing method by introducing iterative asymmetric average interpolation. Missing primary colors on a Bayer pattern color filter array (CFA) are estimated by an asymmetric average interpolation where less intensity variation is assumed to be of stronger significance, before sharpness of an initial estimate is further improved by an iterative procedure. The iterat...

1553-4650/$ see http://dx.doi.org/1 The American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL) publishes advisory statements on the state of minimally invasive gynecology to improve the overall quality of women’s gynecologic care. The AAGL follows a process to ensure that any conflicts of interest are disclosed and appropriately addressed and that relationships with manufacturers and other t...

Abstract We introduce subwavelength color routers with perfect optical efficiency in a red-green-green-blue (RGGB) Bayer layout for solid state image sensors. This is the first demonstration of device concept that shows full potential routing, i.e., routing without loss photons, broadband, polarization-independent, and angular robust response. As an example, we show router 320 nm wide sensor pi...

■ 1600H x 1200V active pixels ■ Class leading 30 fps UXGA progressive scan ■ 2.2 μm pixel size, 1/3.8 inch optical format ■ Quad-element plastic lens, F# 3.2, 52° horizontal field of view ■ 8.0 x 8.0 x 5.55 mm ultra low profile fixed focus camera module with embedded passives ■ RGB Bayer color filter array ■ Integrated 10-bit ADC ■ Integrated digital image processing functions, including defect...

The dentate gyrus is the chief route of excitatory input into the hippocampal formation and is thus crucial for appropriate function of the hippocampus in learning and memory. Many pathological states associated with histological abnormalities in the dentate are likely to have their origins during development. These disorders include generalized abnormalities of neuronal migration, e.g. reeler ...

This paper aims to investigate the direction of causality between economic growth, energy consumption and trade openness in case of Iran for the period 1967–2012. We apply the newly developed combined cointegration test proposed by Bayer and Hanck (2013). Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is applied to determine the direction of causality between these three variables. The result of Bayer-Ha...