Aim In the face of global change, understanding causes range limits are one most pressing needs in biogeography and ecology. A prevailing hypothesis is that abiotic stress forms cold (upper latitude/altitude) limits, whereas biotic interactions create warm (lower) limits. new framework – Interactive Range-Limit Theory (iRLT) asserts positive factors such as food availability can ameliorate alon...

As sessile organisms, plants have to be subjected insect attack. Over the long course of evolution, produced many mechanisms resist this biotic stress such as pigment accumulation. Pigment levels determined depth and distribution leaf color, thereby indirectly or directly affecting behavior Therefore, understanding mechanism mutual recognition between color will provide important theoretical in...

Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyse transfer of glycon moiety to sterols and their related compounds to produce diverse glyco-conjugates or steryl glycosides with different biological and pharmacological activities. Functional studies of SGTs from Withania somnifera indicated their role in abiotic stresses but details about role under biotic stress are still unknown. Here, we have eluci...

The WRKY gene family is among the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in higher plants. By regulating the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, these TFs play critical roles in some plant processes in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Various bodies of research have demonstrated the important biological functions of WRKY TFs in plant response to different kinds of biotic a...

Tolerance of plants to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen and herbivore attack, drought, salinity, cold and nutritional limitations is ensued by complex multimodule signaling pathways. The outcome of this complex signaling pathways results in adaptive responses by restoring the cellular homeostasis and thus promoting survival. Functions of many plant cation transporter and...

Crop growth and productivity has largely been vulnerable to various abiotic and biotic stresses that are only set to be compounded due to global climate change. Therefore developing improved varieties and designing newer approaches for crop improvement against stress tolerance have become a priority now-a-days. However, most of the crop improvement strategies are directed toward staple cereals ...

Members of the ERF transcription factor family play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In soybean (Glycine max L.), however, only a few ERF genes have been studied so far. In this study, 98 unigenes that contained a complete AP2/ERF domain were identified from 63,676 unique sequences in the DFCI Soybean Gene Index database. The phylogeny, g...

benthic macroinvertebrates in river are useful indicators for adverse impacts on the catchment and river ecosystems. these organisms integrate many ecological processes in catchment scale. in this study several single and multi metric biotic indices were used based on macroinvertebrates in order to evaluate the water quality of jajrood river. macroinvertebrates as well as water samples were col...