Based on both animal and human studies, inequality in food intake and social instability has adverse effects on the health of individuals and the community. However, it is not known whether social instability, food deprivation and food inequality affect neuronal death and premature aging in young animals. To address this question, the effects of these adverse situations, histopathological chang...

Although best known for his work in symbolic logic, George Boole made seminal contributions in the logic of probabilities. He solved the probabilistic inference problem with a projection method, leading to the insight that inference (as well as optimization) is essentially a projection problem. This unifying perspective has applications in constraint programming, because consistency maintenance...

The study of computer design and architecture includes many topics on formal languages and discrete structures. Among these are state minimizations, Boolean algebra, and switching algebra. In minimization, three approaches are normally used that are based on equivalence relations. Partial order relations are used today in constructions of Boolean algebra. In this paper we survey this important ...

This report addresses the work done on knowledge representation and automated reasoning before the invention of computers, including the work by Leibniz, Boole, and Jevons. We show how pre-computer work in formal logic, artificial languages, and automated reasoning devices contributed to the development of AI. Topics include scholastic logic; the art of memory; Lull’s inference mechanisms; Leib...

The modern phase in Logic begins in the middle of the 19th century with the work of Frege, Boole, de Morgan and Peirce. A second phase began in the early 20th century with Russell’s discovery of his paradox, followed by Hilbert’s program to try (unsuccessfully) to get around it. Finally, the thirties saw fundamental developments by Gödel, Turing, Post, Church and Tarski. By this time, the follo...

In this paper fully fuzzy linear programming (FFLP) problem with both equality and inequality constraints is considered where all the parameters and decision variables are represented by non-negative trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. According to the current approach, the FFLP problem with equality constraints first is converted into a multi–objective linear programming (MOLP) problem with crisp const...