Botulism is neuromuscular paralysis secondary to a neurotoxin secreted from Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. It is a rare syndrome as a result of food poisoning with the spore-forming clostridium bacteria. The ingested food is contaminated with the pre-secreted botulinum toxin. Infant botulism occurs with the ingestion of the clostridial spores that later germinate and colonize the intestine and...

Botulinum toxin type B was studied for the management of hyperkinetic facial lines. It showed clinical longevity of up to 12 weeks on subjective rating scales and 8 weeks on objective rating scales. Botulinum toxin type B has shown relative safety but can have autonomic side effects at higher total doses, which limits the possibility of continued dose escalation. Although these findings may pre...

The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

Botulism is neuromuscular paralysis secondary to a neurotoxin secreted from Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. It is a rare syndrome as a result of food poisoning with the spore-forming clostridium bacteria. The ingested food is contaminated with the pre-secreted botulinum toxin. Infant botulism occurs with the ingestion of the clostridial spores that later germinate and colonize the intestine and...

Botulinum toxin (BOTOX®) has been reported to have success as an alternative to traditional surgery for patients with infantile and early onset acquired strabismus. Selected cases with smaller angles may do well with botulinum toxin as a primary treatment; however, the large angle associated with most cases of infantile esotropia in my experience prevents its use. We report the use of botulinum...

There are many medical and dental conditions which do not have complete treatment modalities in conventional ways. The botulinum toxin can be used as an alternative treatment modality working through chemo denervation method in many medical and dental conditions. An internet research was done for botulinum toxin used in dentistry and all articles and studies were selected, articles related to d...

The tremendous success of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX(R), Allergan Inc.) in the cosmetic arena has acted as a stimulus for the development of other neurotoxins. After more than 2 decades of use, BOTOX(R) has become synonymous with wrinkle reduction and is considered to be the one of the most common non-surgical cosmetic procedures performed worldwide. Because of its vast popularity among pati...

Diffuse esophageal spasm is a rare motility disorder. The primary symptoms include dysphagia, and chest pain. There is array of treatments available from medical therapy with nitrates to surgical therapy; Heller myotomy. We present a case of severe Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (DES) that showed one of the highest Distal Contractile Integral (DCI) per manometry. Patient was treated with Botulinum To...