We study fiscal rules using a sovereign default model. A debt-brake (spread-brake) rule imposes ceiling on the deficit when debt (spread) is above threshold. For our benchmark calibration, similar gains can be achieved with optimal or spread brake. However, for “Union” of heterogeneous economies, common brake generates larger than Furthermore, from abandoning may significant economies that are ...

In this study it has been tried, to compare results and convergence rate of sensitivity analysis and conjugate gradient algorithms to reduce fuel consumption and increasing engine performance by optimizing the timing of opening and closing valves in XU7/L3 engine. In this study, considering the strength and accuracy of simulation GT-POWER software in researches on the internal combustion engine...

Due to complex and nonlinear dynamics of a braking process and complexity in the tire–road interaction, the control of automotive braking systems performance simultaneously with the wheel slip represents a challenging problem. The non-optimal wheel slip level during braking, causing inability to achieve the desired tire–road friction force strongly influences the braking distance. In addition, ...

In this paper, a novel hybrid excitation linear eddy current brake is presented as a braking system for high-speed road and rail vehicles. The presence of the permanent magnets (PMs), whose flux lines in the primary core are oppositely directed with respect to the flux lines by the excitation windings, has the effect of mitigating the saturation of the iron in the teeth of the primary core. Thi...

Drive-train bench system is utilized to test powertrain components of a vehicle such as transmission, torque converter, etc. In order to simulate the real vehicle motion, it is necessary that dynamometers of the drive-train bench simulates the various road conditions such as dry road surface and snow road surface, etc. To simulate the condition that the vehicle is running on the dry road, it is...

Research on regenerative brake technology of electric vehicles based on a direct-drive