The design and synthesis of chiral phosphane ligands have played a significant role in the development of efficient transition metal catalyzed reactions. Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, as one of the most practical and efficient methods for the synthesis of chiral building blocks, has attracted much attention in both academia and industry.[1] Although excellent enantioselectivities have bee...

Warm-up. It is an easy exercise to prove that for all A we have RigA(r) ≤ (n− r)2. This is nearly tight by a direct counting argument: Valiant [Val77, Theorem 6.4] proves that RigA(r) is at least about (n− r)2/ log n for a random A (and all fields F). This shows that rigid matrices exist in great numbers—however, as always, the challenge is to exhibit an explicit such matrix. Currently, the bes...

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) regulates energy homeostasis via effects on nutrient absorption and maintenance of gut mucosal epithelial integrity. The biological actions of GLP-2 in the central nervous system (CNS) remain poorly understood. We studied the sites of endogenous GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) expression, the localization of transgenic LacZ expression under the control of the mouse GLP-2...

IL-15 is critical for natural killer (NK)–cell development and function and for memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis. The IL-15 receptor consists of IL-15R , IL-2R , and the common cytokine receptor chain ( c). IL-15R is known to “trans-present” IL-15 to an IL-2R / c heterodimeric receptor on responding cells to initiate signaling. To investigate the importance of the IL-15R cytoplasmic domain, we gen...

OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to investigate whether the serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and sIL-6R are associated with the morphological appearance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Using the ELISA technique we measured the IL-6, sIL-2R and sIL-6R concentrations in the serum of 34 patients with RA and 28 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). ...

Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2R signaling also plays an important part in Treg cell growth, survival, and ef...

lnterleukin-2 (IL-2) induces differential secretion of lymphokines by li-2 receptor (li-2R)-positive and lL-2Rnegative T cells. We studied T cell lL-2R-specific modulation of adult bone marrow erythropoiesis by recombinant lL-2 (rli-2). li-2R were induced by CD3 T cell surface determinant-triggering and analyzed by cytofluorography. Bone marrow monocyte and T cell-depleted (NAB-T) target cells ...

Multiple cytokines, including IL-2, can affect T cell proliferation and survival. However, IL-2 can lead to apoptosis as well as proliferation, making unclear whether IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) signals ultimately have a predominantly positive or negative effect. To address this issue, we examined the effect of enhancing IL-2R signals in CD8(+) T cells after antigen stimulation by engineering a trans...

The FDA-approved starting dosage of capecitabine is 1,250 mg/m(2), and market research indicates that U.S. physicians routinely prescribe 1,000 mg/m(2). Retrospective analyses however report reduced toxicity and efficacy in a subset of patients with the 3R/3R genotype of the thymidylate synthase gene enhancer region (TSER). This study sought to develop TSER genotype-specific guidelines for cape...