The refractive index of freezing brine is important in order to, for example, estimate oceanic scattering as sea ice develops. Previously, no simple continuous expression was available for estimating the refractive index of brine at subzero temperatures. I show that extrapolation of the empirical formula for the refractive index of seawater by Quan and Fry [Appl. Opt.34, 3477 (1995)APOPAI0003-6...

The salting process is an important step in the manufacture of most cheese varieties. The salt in cheese has different functions, such as reduction of curd moisture, suppression of unwanted microorganisms, modification of flavour and texture and contribution to cheese ripening (Ibáñez et al. 1993; Mulvihill and McCarthy 1994; Laborda and Rubiolo 1999; Mulet et al. 1999). Therefore, in cheesemak...

alnus glutinosa, fraxinus excelsior and papaver rhoeas have long been used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of various ailments. as part of our continuing screening of plant extracts for activities, the extracts of a. glutinosa, f. excelsior and p. rhoeas have been screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities, as well as their general toxicity towards brine shrimps. among ...

The atmospherically and technologically very important process of brine rejection from freezing salt solutions is investigated with atomic resolution using molecular dynamics simulations. The present calculations allow us to follow the motion of each water molecule and salt ion and to propose a microscopic mechanism of brine rejection, in which a fluctuation (reduction) of the ion density in th...

The exchange of malic acid, lactic acid, NaCl, and sugar between cucumber and cover brine was monitored over a course of 16 days for 5 sizes of cucumbers. Experimental results showed that sugar exchange between cucumbers and cover brine was the slowest. In comparison to Ficks diffusion equation, the exponential equation better described the movement of solutes during the brine fermentation of c...

Cation exchange is an interfacial process during which cations on a clay surface are replaced by other cations. This study investigates the effect of oil type and composition on cation exchange on rock surfaces, relevant for a variety of oil-recovery processes. We perform experiments in which brine with a different composition than that of the in situ brine is injected into cores with and witho...

At the conclusion of flooding in an oilor gas-bearing reservoir, a significant fraction of the original hydrocarbon in place remains in the swept region as trapped residual phase. In addition to the amount of trapped phase, its microscopic distribution within the pore space of a reservoir rock is important to gain a better understanding of recovery mechanisms and for the design and implementati...

Large-scale deployment of CO2 geological sequestration requires understanding and assessing the risks of such an operation. One of these risks is the potential contamination of groundwater by CO2/brine leakage into shallow aquifers. Although our understanding of this issue has improved significantly over the last decade, several questions still need to be better addressed, including the fate of...

Arsenate and nitrate can be removed quantitatively from drinking water by anion exchange. However, if the raw water contains substantial concentrations of sulfate or nitrate, the resin becomes exhausted quickly, and the requirements for regenerant (brine) can make the process unattractive. Previously, we described a modified ion exchange operating procedure for arsenic removal from solutions co...