The historiography of immunology since 1999 is reviewed, in part as a response to claims by historians such as Thomas Söderqvist the field was still immature at the time (Söderqvist & Stillwell 1999). First addressed are the difficulties, past and present, surrounding the disciplinary definition of immunology, which is followed by a commentary on the recent scholarship devoted to the concept of...

Observations in the Hubble Deep Fields have been used to study the evolution of galaxy morphology over time. The majority of galaxies with z < 1 are seen to be disk like, whereas most objects with z > 2 appear to be either chaotic or centrally concentrated “blobs”. Such blobs might be the ancestral objects of ellipticals or of galaxy bulges. About 1/3 of objects with z > 2 appear to be in the p...

Recent issues of Plant Physiology have contained a marvelous series of essays dealing with issues and controversies that surround the introduction and use of crops developed through the application of recombinant DNA technologies and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). These articles have provided considerable insight and thoughtful analysis of some of the major issues related to this timely...

This paper sets new speed records for ECM, the elliptic-curve method of factorization, on several different hardware platforms: GPUs (specifically the NVIDIA GTX), x86 CPUs with SSE2 (specifically the Intel Core 2 and the AMD Phenom), and the Cell (specifically the PlayStation 3 and the PowerXCell 8i). In particular, this paper explains how to carry out more than one billion 192-bit modular mul...

Microfossils, stromatolites, preserved lipids and biologically informative isotopic ratios provide a substantial record of bacterial diversity and biogeochemical cycles in Proterozoic (2500-541 Ma) oceans that can be interpreted, at least broadly, in terms of present-day organisms and metabolic processes. Archean (more than 2500 Ma) sedimentary rocks add at least a billion years to the recorded...

Graphs are everywhere: social networks, the World Wide Web, biological networks, and many more. The sizes of graphs are growing at unprecedented rate, spanning millions and billions of nodes and edges. What are the patterns in large graphs, spanning Giga, Tera, and heading toward Peta bytes? What are the best tools, and how can they help us solve graph mining problems? How do we scale up algori...

This submission presents the application of two coupled systems to the Billion Triples Challenge. The first system (Watson) provides the infrastructure which allows the second one (PowerAqua) to pose natural language queries to the billion triple datasets. Watson is a gateway to the Semantic Web: it crawls and indexes semantic data online to provide a variety of access mechanisms for human user...

3.7 Billion year old inclusions inside garnet crystals contain 13C depleted carbonaceous material consistent with biogenic origin. Additional evidence in the form of the other elements of life mainly O, N and P were found to be structural bound to this material by using a new technique, AFM-IR. Here we show additional evidence that support our claim. By overlaying maps generated by the AFM-IR w...