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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitors on morphine-induced antinociception in the tail flick test in mice, and on [3H]naloxone binding to the forebrain crude synaptosome fraction. Neither okadaic acid nor cantharidin (1-10000 nM) displaced [3H]naloxone from its specific binding sites, which indicates that they do not interact at...

The avascular nature of articular cartilage means that chondrocytes are dependent on the diffusion of O2 from the synovial fluid and subchondral bone. As a result, cartilage has a relatively low ambient O2 tension, estimated at between 5% and 7% O2. In addition, synovial, and cartilage, O2 tensions can fall to very low levels in inflammatory conditions. Low O2 tensions can affect ion homeostasi...

Na-K-2Cl cotransporters help determine cell composition and volume. NKCC1 is widely distributed whilst NKCC2 is only found in the kidney where it plays a vital role reabsorbing 20% of filtered NaCl. NKCC2 regulation is poorly understood because of its restricted distribution and difficulties with its expression in mammalian cell cultures. Here we compare phosphorylation of the N-termini of the ...

Control of protein synthesis in insulin-responsive tissues has been well characterized, but relatively little is known about how this process is regulated in nervous tissues. The retina exhibits a relatively high protein synthesis rate, coinciding with high basal Akt and metabolic activities, with the majority of retinal ATP being derived from aerobic glycolysis. We examined the dependency of r...

We report advances in quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy to generate simultaneous maps of cytoskeleton flow and rates of net assembly and disassembly in living cells. We apply this tool to analyze the filamentous actin (F-actin) dynamics at the front of migrating cells. F-actin turnover and flow are both known to be factors of cell locomotion. However, how they are orchestrated to prod...

The role of protein phosphatases in the regulation of cellular processes is now well established (1, 2). Calcineurin (also called protein phosphatase 2B), a major calmodulin-binding protein in brain and the only serine/threonine protein phosphatase under the control of Ca/calmodulin, plays a critical role in the coupling of Ca signals to cellular responses (3–6). Its stimulation by the multifun...