Currently, gastric adenocarcinoma is still a serious healthcare concern, and the second most frequent malignancy worldwide (1). Although overall incidence has seemingly decreased, both its frequency and mortality rate show relevant geographic variability. In Eastern countries, Eastern Europe, and South America the incidence of this disease reaches epidemic proportions, and is the first cause of...

The title of this discussion, "Virus carcinogenesis," was purposely made general because there are at present differences of opinion both with respect to (1) the nature of the tissue reaction designated as cancer, or neoplasia, and (2) the mechanism through which viruses are thought to act to bring about this peculiar reaction [1]. It is not the purpose here to go into these differences of opin...

Human beings are often being exposed to carcinogenic factors during their life, some of which are the nutritional factors. From the mechanistic view, nutritional factors are classified into genotoxic and non-genotoxic agents. Genotoxic agent begins their action at the DNA level, causing DNA damage through several mechanisms, e.g. gene point mutations, deletions and insertions, recombinations, r...

The gut microbiota dysbiosis is linked with inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, neuropsychiatric disorders, diabetes, obesity, asthma, and development of cancer. Despite the substantial developments in oncology, cancer still not category curative diseases. However, significant steps are being taken this direction through identification factors that play a role...

background and objectives: breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women throughout the world. there are controversial reports on the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) infection in breast carcinogenesis. the aim of this study was to assess the presence of hpv-dna in invasive breast carcinoma to determine the association between hpv infection and breast carcinoma. methods: the study incl...

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) was shown to be tumor-promoting in full carcinogenesis studies using 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). Because heretofore the role of IL-4 in DMBA/TPA (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz-anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) two-stage carcinogenesis was not studied, we performed such experiments using either IL-4(-/-) or IL-4Rα(-/-) mice. We found that IL-4Rα(-/-) but not IL-4(-/-...

Hsp60 is one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved members chaperoning system. It typically resides within mitochondria, in which it contributes to maintaining organelle’s proteome integrity homeostasis. In last few years, has been shown that also occurs other locations, intracellularly extracellularly, including cytosol, plasma-cell membrane, extracellular vesicles (EVs). Consequent...