Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) adopt GHz as their communication carrier, and it has been found that GHz carrier attenuation model in transmission path is associated with vegetation water content. In this paper, based on RSSI mechanism of WSN nodes we formed vegetation dehydration sensors. Through relationships between vegetation water content and carrier attenuation, we perceived forest vegetat...

In this paper, differential modulation (DM) schemes, including single differential and double differential, are proposed for amplify-and-forward two-way relaying (TWR) networks with unknown channel state information (CSI) and carrier frequency offsets caused by wireless terminals in high-speed vehicles and trains. Most existing work in TWR assumes perfect channel knowledge at all nodes and no c...

New applications for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), for instance temperature monitoring for healthcare [1], have been created recently, spreading the use of these networks from the military to many other fields such as industry, surveillance, healthcare, and entertainment [2]. The growing importance of WSNs gives rise to new problems concerning the sensors limited energy and memory capacity, ...

wireless sensor networks (wsns) have many applications in the areas of commercial, military and environmental requirements. regarding the deployment of low cost sensor nodes with restricted energy resources, these networks face a lot of security challenges. a basic approach for preparing a secure wireless communication in wsns, is to propose an efficient cryptographic key management protocol be...

nanostructures have considerably higher surface areas than their bulk counterparts; thereforesurfaces often play important, sometimes even dominant, roles in the nanostructure properties. thenanocrystalline and nanotubes have low band gaps and high carrier mobility, thus offeringappealing potential as absorption gas. interaction between methanol molecules and carbonnanotube is investigated usin...

Today, information networks play an important role in supply chain management. Therefore, in this article, clustering-based routing protocols, which are one of the most important ways to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, are used to optimize the supply chain informational cloud network. Accordingly, first, a clustering protocol is presented using self-organizing map neu...

In photovoltaic devices, the photo-generated charge carriers are typically assumed to be in thermal equilibrium with the lattice. In conventional materials, this assumption is experimentally justified as carrier thermalization completes before any significant carrier transport has occurred. Here, we demonstrate by unifying time-resolved optical and electrical experiments and Monte Carlo simulat...