Relational semantics is one of the simplest and categorically most natural semantics of Linear Logic. The co-Kleisli category MRel associated with its multiset exponential comonad contains a fully abstract model of the untyped λ-calculus. That particular object of MRel is also a model of the resource λ-calculus, deriving from Ehrhard and Regnier’s differential extension of Linear Logic and rela...

Biobank policy and regulations profoundly vary between different societies. One area with profound differences in culture and tradition concerns commercialization, and the possibility of using the human body as a capital resource. In the United States there is acceptance of this possibility, whereas European law is based on principles that categorically prohibit selling parts of the human body....

Short or object-specific counting sequences in a language are generally regarded as early steps in the evolution from premathematical conceptions to greater abstraction and often as cognitively deficient. This paper scrutinizes the main numeration principles in some of the occasionally referenced instances from Melanesia and Polynesia to show that neither assumption holds categorically. The ana...

In recent years, the U.S. Supreme Court has created two categorical exemptions to the death penalty. In Atkins v. Virginia, the Court exempted mentally retarded offenders. Three years later, in Roper v. Simmons, the Court extended the protection to juveniles. Based on these cases, the practices of foreign countries, and the opinions of professional organizations with relevant expertise, legal s...

It is sometimes argued that autonomous decision-making requires that the decision-maker's desires are authentic, i.e., "genuine," "truly her own," "not out of character," or similar. In this article, it is argued that a method to reliably determine the authenticity (or inauthenticity) of a desire cannot be developed. A taxonomy of characteristics displayed by different theories of authenticity ...

The possibility that phonological confusions may underlie some difficulties in processing written language was investigated using four speech perception tasks. Twelve dyslexic and four normal-reading children identified and discriminated synthetic speech syllables which varied either in voice-onset time (signaling the feature of voicing) or direction of formant transitions (signaling place of a...

Maximum likelihood models of multisensory integration are theoretically attractive because the goals and assumptions of sensory information processing are explicitly stated in such optimal models. When subjects perceive stimuli categorically, as opposed to on a continuous scale, Maximum Likelihood Integration (MLI) can occur before or after categorization-early or late. We introduce early MLI a...

Non-well-founded trees are used in mathematics and computer science, for modelling non-well-founded sets, as well as non-terminating processes or infinite data structures. Categorically, they arise as final coalgebras for polynomial endofunctors, which we call M-types. We derive existence results for M-types in locally cartesian closed pretoposes with a natural numbers object, using their inter...

As State Medicaid programs become increasingly important sources of payment for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related care, and drug regimens the major weapons available to fight human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related illnesses, Medicaid drug policies will have a substantial impact. State Medicaid programs were surveyed to identify policies on a range of prescription drug polici...

We propose a syntactic representation of reversible logic circuits in their entirety, based on Feynman’s control interpretation of Toffoli’s reversible gate set. A pair of interacting proof calculi for reasoning about these circuits is presented, based on classical propositional logic and monoidal structure, and a natural order-theoretic structure is developed, demonstrated equivalent to Boolea...