We have found that when suprathreshold cathodal stimuli were applied to the epicardium of canine ventricle, impulse propagation originated at a "virtual cathode" with dimensions greater than those of the physical cathode. We report the two-dimensional geometry of the virtual cathode as a function of stimulus strength; the results are compared with the predictions of an anisotropic, bidomain mod...

Cation (CEMs) and anion exchange membrane (AEMs) are commonly used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to enhance Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) by reducing the flux of oxygen through the cathode to bacteria on the anode. AEMs typically work better than CEMs, but in initial experiments we observed the opposite using a membrane electrode assembly MFC. The reason was identified to be membrane deformatio...

Typical cathode materials of Li-ion battery suffer from a severe loss in specific capacity, and this problem is regarded as a major obstacle in the expansion of newer applications. To overcome this, porous cathodes are being extensively utilized. However, although it seems that the porosity in the cathode would be a panacea for high performance of LIBs, there is a blind point in the cathode con...

A self-focusing field emission (FE) X-ray tube with a large-area cathode design was simulated and fabricated. The designed X-ray tube had a cylindrically symmetric geometry; the diameter of the cathode and the anode was 15 mm, and the cathode-anode distance was 20 mm. Owing to the unique cup-shaped design of the cathode, the electron beam emitted from the large-area cathode was focused onto the...

Zinc (Zn) metal is considered the promising anode for “post-lithium” energy storage due to its high volumetric capacity, low redox potential, abundant reserve, and cost. However, extravagant Zn required in present batteries, featuring utilization rate device-scale energy/power densities far below theoretical values. The limited reversibility of attributed spontaneous parasitic reactions with aq...

Novel carbon nitride polymer sensitized TiO(2) nanotube arrays with high photocatalytic activity and photoelectrochemical response under visible light irradiation are prepared by electrodeposition.

Using electrodeposition of cyclic and acyclic Fc-peptide disulfides tightly-packed Fc-peptide monolayers were conveniently formed, which exhibit significant differences in their electron transfer kinetics.

A high-power, rectangular discharge chamber is being investigated by the University of Michigan for operation with multiple discharge cathode assemblies (DCAs). The multiple cathode approach attempts to increase thruster lifetime by operating three DCAs sequentially, possibly providing a threefold increase in discharge life. Previous multiplecathode electric propulsion devices, such as the SPT-...

Microbial electrosynthesis, an artificial form of photosynthesis, can efficiently convert carbon dioxide into organic commodities; however, this process has only previously been demonstrated in reactors that have features likely to be a barrier to scale-up. Therefore, the possibility of simplifying reactor design by both eliminating potentiostatic control of the cathode and removing the membran...