I mmunologists’ views on the cellular basis of immune memory have undergone substantial modifications over the last decade, with new findings advancing the field from mostly descriptive studies of their presumptive phenotypes to those that allow the features distinguishing memory cells from short-lived effectors to be known and understood (1). Although such studies have helped to define the fun...

Abstract In response to activation, T cells undergo metabolic adaptations meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands required for their rapid cell growth proliferation. receptor (TCR) CD28 costimulation trigger initial changes that support activation including increase in glucose uptake. PI3K signaling is critical upregulation of Glut1, main cells. this study, we describe an assay detection Gl...

The American cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis include immune-responder individuals with localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and non-responder individuals with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). Patients with intermediate or chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ICL) have increased morbidity due to the length of their illness, atypical forms and areas of compromise. In the present study, we e...

We studied the innate and adaptive immune system of rhesus macaques infected with the virulent simian immunodeficiency virus isolate SIVmac251 by evaluating natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokine levels in plasma, humoral and virological parameters, and changes in the activation markers CD25 (interleukin 2R ¿IL-2R alpha chain), CD69 (early activation marker), and CD154 (CD40 ligand) in lym...