We describe a scheme to fragment and distribute centralized databases. ’ The problem is motivated by trends towards down-sizing and reorganization, reflecting actual, often distributed responsibilities within companies. A major practical requirement is that existing application code must be left unchanged. We present SQL extensions to specify ownership and data replication information declarati...

This paper provides a political economy analysis of (de)centralization when local public goods—with spillovers effects—can be substitutes or complements. Depending on the degree of complementarity between local public goods, median voters strategically delegate policy to either ‘conservative’ or to ‘liberal’ representatives under decentralized decision-making. In the first case, it accentuates ...

The formation and stable existence of interorganizational trust its network structure can promote the sustainable development construction projects thus become core elements stakeholder relationship governance mechanism. However, existing research has not reached an agreement on structural characteristics key dimensions networks, which makes it difficult to conduct in-depth empirical degree all...

in iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. this es...

This article provides an in-depth analysis of fiscal decentralization in Ethiopia from 1994/95 to 2019/20, focusing on five categories: regional own-source revenues, tax autonomy, borrowing, federal grants, and conditional grants. To measure de/centralization, the study constructs original data sets based reports various organizations over multiple years. The results demonstrate that de/central...