As a relatively environment-friendly transport mode, railways have a valuable role to play in mitigating anthropogenic climate change. However, this can only be achieved if railways can adapt to withstand the effects of the increasingly extreme weather associated with climate change. The primary challenge lies in protecting infrastructure from flooding, sea level rise, the effects on earthworks...

INTRODUCTION Residency interview apparel has traditionally been the dark business suit. We changed the interview dress code from a traditionally established unwritten 'formal' attire to an explicitly described 'informal' attire. We sought to assess if the change in dress code attire changed applicants' perceptions of the residency program or decreased costs. METHODS The authors conducted an a...

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, and costly illness that adversely impacts patients' lives and health care payer budgets. Cost comparisons of treatment regimens are, therefore, important to health care payers and researchers. Pre-Post analyses ("mirror-image"), where outcomes prior to a medication switch are compared to outcomes post-switch, are commonly used in such research. How...

We provide a dynamic model of natural resource management where the optimal institutional structure that governs resource use changes with resource depletion. Copeland and Taylor (2009) analyze how characteristics of a natural resource determine whether its steady-state management regime is open access, communal property, or private property. We extend this and other studies of endogenous insti...

BACKGROUND Several previous global REDD+ cost studies have been conducted, demonstrating that payments for maintaining forest carbon stocks have significant potential to be a cost-effective mechanism for climate change mitigation. These studies have mostly followed highly aggregated top-down approaches without estimating the full range of REDD+ costs elements, thus underestimating the actual co...

Software maintenance accounts for the largest part of the costs of any program. During maintenance activities, developers implement changes (sometimes simultaneously) on artefacts in order to fix bugs and to implement new requirements. To reduce this part of the costs, previous work proposed approaches to identify the artefacts of programs that change together. These approaches analyse historic...

I t is widely recognized that anthropogenic climate change will have harmful effects on many human beings and in particular on the most disadvantaged. In particular, it is projected to result in flooding, heat stress, food insecurity, drought, and increased exposure to waterborne and vector-borne diseases. Various different normative frameworks have been employed to think about climate change. ...

In Part I of this paper the development of allocated and incremental cost and revenue techniques was described. have become predominant. In contrast, methodologies for dealing with revenues, particularly incremental measures, are in their infancy. Part II of the paper describes the state-of-the-art for these methods. This review is explicitly not meant as a cookbook of methodology, and the read...

today’s, a common problem in cities is increasing delay and reducing the speed of traffic. on the other wise increasing costs of acquisition in urban area are not allow new routes and highways. also construction of new highway or street such as imam ali highway and sadr highway in tehran lead to develop new applications (such as brt lane ,…) and become quickly saturate and less efficient. there...