Quantitative in situ hybridization techniques were used to compare relative cellular levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA in different regions of the female rat basal forebrain at different stages of the estrous cycle and at different time points after the administration of physiological levels of estrogen and progesterone. Significant fluctuations in relative levels of ChAT mRNA wer...

Bilateral or group text chatting over the Internet has become a favoured pastime for many people across the world. Yet it would seem that, in general, text chat is a severely impoverished mode of on-line communication compared to, e.g., fully situated human-human spoken conversation, video conferencing, or even speaking over the telephone. This paper explores what happens when on-line multi-spe...

The inspiratory drive to hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons originates in the caudal medullary intermediate reticular (IRt) region. This drive is mainly glutamatergic, but little is known about the neurochemical features of IRt XII premotor neurons. Prompted by the evidence that XII motoneuronal activity is controlled by both muscarinic (M) and nicotinic cholinergic inputs and that the IRt region co...

Several recent studies indicate that activity of cholinergic enzymes in the cortex of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer's disease (AD) are preserved. We correlated levels of hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity with the extent of AD lesions in subjects from the Religious Order Study, including cases with no cognitive impairment (NCI), MCI, and with...

The idea for this paper came from a debate at the 1998 ISCRAT conference in Denmark on cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT). A leading activist in the movement to bring CHAT into systems design, Bonnie Nardi, asked the question; would design not bene"t more from training better ethnographers than from burdening them with such a complex set of theoretical concepts and debates as CHAT? This...

Although instant messaging is a very popular tool for collaboration and it has been used for a wide variety of CSCL tasks, there are only a few applications for assisting the tutors in evaluating the conversations of the students. Due to the difficulty of this task, chat is seldom used in a formal education context. In order to tackle this problem, several applications were developed which assi...

Chat rooms, recommendation sites, and customer review sections provide consumers with an opportunity to overcome geographic boundaries and to communicate based on mutual interests. However, marketers have incentives to anonymously supply promotional chat or reviews in order to influence the consumer's evaluation of their products. This, in turn, lowers the credibility of word of mouth transmitt...

Morphological and functional changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) have been reported in inflammatory bowel disease. We examined the effects of inflammation on the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nNOS in the muscularis externae of two models of colonic inflammation, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, which models Crohn's disease-like inflammation, and...

During the last years chat based instant messaging has become a part of the normal communication culture. Instant messaging based chat is now rapidly becoming a mainstream communication medium even in business environments. The same is becoming true for Voice over IP enabled audio communication. Skype, a high quality VoIP software has been downloaded over 200 million times and internet provider...

Recent years have seen a pervasive usage of mobile-based instant messaging apps, which are popularly known as chat apps. On users’ mobile devices, chat logs are usually stored encrypted. This paper is concerned with discovering the decryption key of chat-log database files as they are used by popular chat apps like WhatsApp andWeChat. We propose a systematic and generalized information-flow bas...