Two series of displacement experiments with isoproturon and metribuzin herbicides were performed on two undisturbed grassed filter strip soil cores, under unsaturated steady-state flow conditions. Several rainfall intensities (0.070, 0.147, 0.161, 0.308 and 0.326 cm h(-1)) were used. A water tracer (bromide) was simultaneously injected in each displacement experiment. A descriptive analysis of ...

Coacervation is a phenomenon in which a colloidal dispersion separates into two immiscible liquid phases: a liquid rich in colloidal phase in equilibrium with another diluted liquid phase. Surfactant coacervation here refers to coacervation whose main components are surfactants with low molecular weights. Over the past two decades, surfactants have been greatly developed and studies on coacerva...

Thermodynamic theory of phase equilibrium is the main base for the development of the methods of fluid mixtures separation. Thermodynamic approach has a lot of advantages in the practical application when conditions of separation processes are close to the equilibrium. For nonequilibrium processes these advantages fail and one should use another methods including empirical relationships and mod...

A nonionic surfactant, n-dodecyl glyceryl itaconate (DGI), self-assembles into bilayer membranes in water having a spacing distance of sub-micrometer in the presence of small amounts of ionic surfactants, and shows beautiful iridescent color. Ionic surfactants have strong effects on this iridescent system. We have interestingly found that the iridescent color changes with time after mixing DGI ...

In a previous paper [I. Napari, J. Julin, and H. Vehkamäki, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 244511 (2009)] we compared sizes of critical and equilibrium clusters in Lennard-Jones vapors using various geometrical clusters definitions. In particular, we found that the critical and equilibrium clusters were of the same size if each constituent atom in the cluster was required to have at least five neighboring...

We describe a method to obtain the reduced density matrix (RDM) correct up to second order in system-bath coupling in nonequilibrium steady-state situations. The RDM is obtained via a scheme based on analytic continuation, using the time-local Redfield-like quantum master equation, which was earlier used by the same authors [J. Chem. Phys. 136, 194110 (2012)] to obtain the correct thermal equil...

When two phases of water are at equilibrium, the ratio of hydrogen isotopes in each is slightly altered because of their different phase affinities. This isotopic fractionation process can be utilized to analyze water's movement in the world's climate. Here we show that equilibrium fractionation ratios, an entirely quantum mechanical property, also provide a sensitive probe to assess the magnit...

The dwindling nature of petroleum and other fossil reserves has provided impetus towards microbial synthesis of fuels and value added chemicals from biomass-derived sugars as a renewable resource. Microbes have naturally evolved enzymes and pathways that can convert biomass into hundreds of unique chemical structures, a property that can be effectively exploited for their engineering into Micro...

It has recently become apparent that the dissipation function, first defined by Evans and Searles [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 3503 (2000)], is one of the most important functions in classical nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It is the argument of the Evans-Searles fluctuation theorem, the dissipation theorem, and the relaxation theorems. It is a function of both the initial distribution and the d...