This study was conducted to investigate the biodegradation potential of neutralized organophosphorus nerve agents: O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropyl-aminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate (VX), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and O-cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF). Removing labile leaving groups from these compounds can be accomplished chemically (e.g. alkali) or enzymatically (by a variety of hydrolases) ...

Multifunctional ultra-high vacuum apparatus for studies of the interactions of chemical warfare agents on complex surfaces Report Title A fundamental understanding of the surface chemistry of chemical warfare agents is needed to fully predict the interaction of these toxic molecules with militarily relevant materials, catalysts, and environmental surfaces. For example, rules for predicting the ...

The advent of digital information technology heralded the concept of information warfare. This ‘preliminary’ stage in the 1990s really consisted of technology warfare where the networks, upon which combat relied, were seen as weapons to gain ‘information superiority’. This was the inception of the technological aspect of Information Warfare. The realisation of ...

Abstract The Song dynasty established a standing naval force, which was ignored by some historians since lost its defensive wars to the Jin and Mongol forces. This article examines improvements innovations of Chinese operations during pays particular attention how state economic reforms state-centered financial system supported development. Song’s population growth demographic changes also prov...