A new system has been developed for removal of chloride contamination from kraft process liquors. The compact, skid-mounted system which utilizes ion exchange columns only 24 inches in height, is shown to be capable of removing 90-99% of the chloride from a wide variety of sources including dissolved ESP catch, oxidized white liquor, spent bleach scrubber liquors, spent ion exchange demineraliz...

1. Experiments were performed on six dogs to determine the rate of penetration of Cl(33) and Na(24) across the blood-aqueous humor and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers after intravenous injection of the radioactive ions. The radioactivity measurements were made with an immersion type of Geiger-Müller counter. 2. The concentrations of the labelled ions in the anterior chamber and the cisterna ...

Decreases in plasma bicarbonate are associated with hyperchloremic acidosis and lactic acidosis. According to the Stewart approach to acid-base physiology, the strong-ion difference regulates plasma bicarbonate, with chloride and lactate being the only strong anions routinely measured in clinical chemistry. We hypothesized that the plasma strong-ion difference, both with and without lactate, wo...

This paper was conducted to study the behavior of lightweight concrete, incorporating local lightweight aggregate (LWA), in terms of chloride ion permeability at different ages. The effect of lightweight fine aggregate replacement by normal weight sand (0, 25, 50 and 75% by volume) was investigated. Constant level of silica fume content (10% by weight of cement) as an addition was also consider...

Surface charge governs nanoscale aqueous electrolyte transport, both in engineered analytical systems and in biological entities such as ion channels and ion pumps as a function of ion type and concentration. Embedded electrodes in a nanofluidic channel, isolated from the fluid in the channel by a dielectric layer, act as active, tunable gates to systematically modify local surface charge densi...

Molecular dynamics simulations of hydrated chloride ions have been performed with a polarizable model for interface geometries of varying curvature, ranging from clusters to planar surfaces. The solvation depth profile of the chloride ion is found to depend dramatically on the curvature of the interface. This behavior is consistent with the structure-breaking character of the chloride ion, and ...

Concrete structures in marine environments are prone to deterioration and damage due chloride ion penetration, freezing thawing, chemical erosion. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) mixed with steel fibers has been proposed as a solution enhance the durability mechanical properties of environments. Although several studies have conducted this regard, they yet focus on addressing errors that...

Concrete is seldom saturated due to its self-desiccation. Even the submerged concrete structures may remain unsaturated for quite a long time. It has been reported the saturation level of pore solution has significant effect on species penetration. However, very little work was proposed regarding the transport properties and serviceability of concrete structures made of blended cementitious mat...

The objective of this paper is to examine the possible use of new blended cements containing calcareous fly ash in structural concrete, potentially adequate for structural elements of nuclear power plants. The investigation included five new cements made with different contents of non-clinker constituents: calcareous fly ash, siliceous fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag, and a referen...