risk assessment and management of petrochemical feed and product transportation pipelines is very important to preventing probable accidents. so, 60 pipelines evaluated by chemical exposure index and chlorine pipeline due to high hazard distances selected for relative risk analysis. the chlorine pipeline with 3468 meter length divided to 100 meter sections, and third party damage index (tpdi), ...

A fiber optic chlorine gas sensor working on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique fabricated using coatings of silver and zinc oxide films over unclad core of the optical fiber is reported. The sensor probe is characterized using wavelength interrogation and recording SPR spectra for different concentrations of chlorine gas around the probe. A red shift is observed in the resonance wavelen...

The present study was aimed at developing a portable miniaturized FIA system with a two-electrode based amperometric detector for on-site monitoring of residual chlorine in environmental samples. The electrode potential control and current data collection were conducted with a home-designed potentiostat with a size of 150 x 100 x 40 mm and the weight of 350 g. It was confirmed that the amperome...

The chlorine concentration in Superpozz (SPZ) cement concrete was analyzed using a newly designed prompt gamma-ray neutron activation (PGNAA) setup utilizing a portable neutron generator. The setup, which mainly consists of a neutron source along with its moderator placed side by side with a shielded gamma-ray detector, allows determining chloride concentration in a concrete structure from one ...

The disinfectant properties of chlorine have been known for centuries but in the last few years water chlorination has attracted some criticism due to its secondary effects and the increased resistance of bacterial strains to chlorine inactivation. In this paper the kinetics of inactivation by chlorine of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from chlorinated wate...

Chlorine-36 is a long-lived and highly mobile radionuclide that has not historically received much attention. In recent years that has begun to change and there is particular current interest in the transport and fate of Cl-36 in the environment. In September of 2006 ANDRA hosted an International Forum on Chlorine-36 in the Biosphere where models indicating that Chlorine 36 will be a significan...

INTRODUCTION Several options exist with regard to flexible pharyngo-laryngoscope sterilisation. We audited the use of disposable sheaths in our department over a six-month period. METHODS A cost-analysis was performed and the advantages and disadvantages of this system were compared with several alternative options. RESULTS We found that the overall cost of disposable sheaths averaged ł4008...

BACKGROUND Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solutions are widely used as irrigants in endodontics. Their tendency to deteriorate is worsened by environmental influences which could cause loss of available chlorine content. METHODS This study measured the loss of available chlorine concentration in a range of sodium hypochlorite solutions under conditions which mimic clinical usage and storage. Do...

A numerical model of a water distribution network designed for a town with 50,000 inhabitants was implemented in EPANET. The paper presents a methodology for computing the chlorine residual concentration decay in the above urban size water distribution system, over a 3 days period of time. The hydraulic system fits a gravity distribution scheme, consisting of a looped network with a tank, 42 no...

Chlorine is most readily available in the form of chloride of lime (bleaching powder), which can readily be obtained commercially. This, if freshly made, should contain 33 per cent, of free or active chlorine. It loses its efficacy on keeping, especially during hot weather; but this loss may be retarded by the addition of 25 per cent, of quicklime. Samples of the bleaching powder used should be...