Direct sequencing of total plant DNA using next generation sequencing technologies generates a whole chloroplast genome sequence that has the potential to provide a barcode for use in plant and food identification. Advances in DNA sequencing platforms may make this an attractive approach for routine plant identification. The HiSeq (Illumina) and Ion Torrent (Life Technology) sequencing platform...

The chloroplast genome of most land plants is highly conserved. In contrast, physical and gene mapping studies have revealed a highly rearranged chloroplast genome in species representing four families of ferns. In all four, there has been a rare duplication of the psbA gene and the order of the psbA, 16S, and 23S rRNA genes has been inverted. Our analysis shows that the described rearrangement...

We identified a new gene that is interrupted by T-DNA in an Arabidopsis embryo mutant called raspberry3. raspberry3 has "raspberry-like" cellular protuberances with an enlarged suspensor characteristic of other raspberry embryo mutants, and is arrested morphologically at the globular stage of embryo development. The predicted RASPBERRY3 protein has domains found in proteins present in prokaryot...

We have determined the map location and primary structure of two fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA which encompass the genes for tRNACysGCA and tRNAAspGUC. Identification of the genes for these two RNA species is based on the sequence of their anticodon triplets and on a comparison of the sequences with those of the equivalent tRNAs from Escherichia coli. Each gene occurs only once on the sp...

The development of timber tracking methods based on genetic markers can provide scientific evidence to verify the origin of timber products and fulfill the growing requirement for sustainable forestry practices. In this study, the origin of an important Dark Red Meranti wood, Shorea platyclados, was studied by using the combination of seven chloroplast DNA and 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) mar...

Plastid transcription activity and DNA copy number were quantified during chloroplast development in the first foliage leaf in dark-grown and illuminated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. Primary foliage leaves of seedlings given continuous illumination from 2 days post-imbibition reached a final mean length of 15 centimeters at 6.5 days, whereas primary leaves of darkgrown seedlings requi...

We characterize a DNA segment of the Euglena gracills chloroplast DNA fragment Eco-N by nucleotlde sequencing and SI nuclease analysis. We show that this region, which is upstream of the previously sequenced tuf A gene, contains the genes for the ribosomal proteins S12 and S7. The gene arrangment is 5'-rps 12-80 bp spacer-rps 7-174 bp 3pacer-tuf A, somewhat similar to the str operon of E. coll....

Diploid clones homozygous (mt(+)/mt(+) or mt(-)/mt(-)) or heterozygous (mt(+)/mt(-); phenotypically mt(-)) for the mating-type locus and homoplasmic for a chloroplast marker conferring resistance to an antibiotic were isolated by artificially induced cell fusion or sexual mating. These diploids were crossed with haploid or diploid strains of opposite mating type and carrying another chloroplast...

The nuclear and chloroplast ribosomal DNAs from Euglena were shown to have specific regions of nucleotide sequence homology. The regions of homology were identified by hybridization of restriction endonuclease DNA fragments of cloned chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNAs to one another. The regions of homology between these two ribosomal DNAs were in that part of the genes that code for the 3'...

The genus Avena contains five different chloroplast genomes, I-V. A physical map of chloroplast (ct) DNA of Avena sativa (type I chloroplast genome) was constructed using three restriction endonucleases, PstI, SalI and SmaI. This genome is ca. 135.5 kbp in size, and contains two inverted repeats of ca. 22.5 kbp each, separated by a large (ca. 79.0 kbp) and small (ca. 12.5 kbp) single copy regio...