Hesselink, W.H., Processes and formalisms for unbounded choice, Theoretical Computer Science 99 (1992) 105-119. In the field of program refinement a specification construct has been proposed that does not have a standard operational interpretation. Its weakest preconditions are monotone but not necessarily conjunctive. In order to develop a corresponding ca1culus we introduce specification alge...

This paper presents how to generate questions from given passages using neural networks, where large scale QA pairs are automatically crawled and processed from Community-QA website, and used as training data. The contribution of the paper is 2-fold: First, two types of question generation approaches are proposed, one is a retrieval-based method using convolution neural network (CNN), the other...

How people make decisions under risk remains an as-yet-unresolved but fundamental question. Mainstream theories about risky decision making assume that the core processes involved in reaching a risky decision include weighting each payoff or reward magnitude by its probability and then summing the outcomes. However, recently developed theories question whether payoffs are necessarily weighted b...

BACKGROUND Written assessments fall into two classes: constructed-response or open-ended questions, such as the essay and a number of variants of the short-answer question, and selected-response or closed-ended questions; typically in the form of multiple-choice. It is widely believed that constructed response written questions test higher order cognitive processes in a manner that multiple-cho...

A fundamental question in the study of cognition is whether memory strength varies continuously or whether memories sometimes fall below a threshold and fail completely. Previous studies examining this question have relied exclusively on 1 method--receiver operating characteristics--so in the current study, we addressed this issue by using a completely different approach. We tested memory for s...

The question we pose in this study is to what extent the ranking of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for pressure swing adsorption-based carbon capture depends on choice commonly available forcefields.

Modern software technologies use the XML language as a preferred means of data interchange and representation, which can be accessed using XML queries. Testing these queries can be difficult because they use complex data as input in form of XML documents. This work addresses this problem by defining a query-aware procedure for design and generation of test input data for XML queries. The test p...

Information brokerage systems support distributed information gathering for data collections stored within the World Wide Web or for other on-line data repositories. These systems present a unified face of the underlying heterogeneity, both in terms of the access/search protocols and in terms of the data schemata. Typically, the user may input some values (e.g., interpreted as strings within a ...