Primary amenorrhoea is most commonly caused by constitutional delay or genetic or structural factors. However, any cause of secondary amenorrhoea can also present before menarche and lead to primary amenorrhoea. This review addresses the path of normal puberty and the causes and appropriate investigations and treatments of primary amenorrhoea in a systematic manner. The importance of considerin...

BACKGROUND Primary care physicians are frequently faced with the challenge of evaluating primary amenorrhea in adolescent girls. Approximately 15% of these women have abnormal genital examination, with Müllerian agenesis being the second most frequent cause. We report two cases of adolescents with Müllerian agenesis that presented to a tertiary adolescent medicine center with primary amenorrhea...

Morphological abnormalities of the X chromosome are well documented and have been extensively reviewed and discussed by Ferguson-Smith (1965). They include isochromosome of the long arm, deletions of the long and short arms, ring chromosomes, and chromosomal fragments. Other types of abnormality are rare. Engel and Forbes (1965) described a chromatin negative girl (Patient No. 27) with a mosaic...

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is identified as a heterogeneous disorder leading to amenorrhea and ovarian failure before the age of 40 years. The first known symptom of the disease is having irregular menstrual periods. The phenotype appearance of POF depends significantly on the variations in hormones. Low levels of gonadal hormones (estrogens and inhibins) and increased level of gonadotropi...

Ovarian dysfunction before the age of 40 years, characterized by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and presenting with either primary or secondary amenorrhea, is called primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). POI has a significant genetic component, but the specific genetic cause is often unknown. A novel candidate gene for POI, PSMC3IP, has recently been identified. The aim of this study was to inve...

Hypotheses: Values of serum markers related to bone quality are abnormal in young female ballet dancers. Methods: In 13 elite Japanese female ballet dancers (average age, 22 years), markers related to bone quality were investigated. These included: serum homocystein (HC), a marker of increased oxidative stress; pentosidine (Pent), a marker of glycationor oxidation-induced non-enzymatic cross-li...

Individuals under chronic psychological stress can be difficult to identify clinically. There is often no outwardly visible phenotype. Chronic stress of sufficient magnitude not only impacts reproductive function, but also concomitantly elicits a constellation of neuroendocrine changes that may accelerate aging in general and brain aging in particular. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, a phen...

BACKGROUND The majority of women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer have an excellent long-term prognosis, but many will undergo temporary or permanent chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea. METHODS While breast cancer is more common in older women, about 1 in 200 women under the age of 40 is at risk to develop breast cancer. Many of these women benefit from chemotherapy but are afraid to ris...

Objective: To Assess the Level of Knowledge Breastfeeding Mothers About Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM).Methods: Description research with a population 75 respondents and sampling all breastfeeding mothers. The data analysis used is univariate analysis.Results: Most were aged between 26-35 years (73.3%), more than half them had their last education at upper secondary level (50.7%), most unemp...

Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is considered a reversible condition characterized by the absence of menses for 3 months or more, due to suppressed secretions of gonadotropin releasing hormone affecting the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. HA can be triggered by excessive stress, weight loss or excessive exercise, however, the etiology is still largely unknown. Serious, long-term compli...