The United States Code (Code) is a document containing over 22 million words that represents a large and important source of Federal statutory law. Scholars and policy advocates often discuss the direction and magnitude of changes in various aspects of the Code. However, few have mathematically formalized the notions behind these discussions or directly measured the resulting representations. T...

Abstract The citation graph is a computational artifact that widely used to represent the domain of published literature. It represents connections between works, such as citations and authorship. Among other things, supports computation bibliometric measures h-indexes impact factors. There now an increasing demand we should treat publication data in same way conventional publications. In parti...

Background Graphs are widely used to represent relationships among the entities, such as friendships in social networks, interactions in biological networks, and so on. Mining commonly occurring subgraph patterns from a massive social graph or citation network can help discover similar groups/behaviors, which may be of interest to social scientists. Likewise, a bioinformatics researcher may be ...

While the phrase “six degrees of separation” is widely used to characterize a variety of humanderived networks, in this study we show that in patent citation network, related patents are connected with an average distance of 6, whereas an average distance for a random pair of nodes in the graph is approximately 15. We use this information to improve the recall level in prior-art retrieval in th...

Dealing with the environmental and climate risks caused by global warming has become a consensus. As sensitive area particularly fragile ecological environment, Nordic countries took lead in making commitment of “carbon neutrality” middle this century. The green industry will play an important role during process. Based on patent data related to countries, paper studies evolution characteristic...

Researchers often need to gather a comprehensive set of papers relevant focused topic, but this is difficult and time-consuming using existing search methods. For example, keyword searching suffers from difficulties with synonyms multiple meanings. While some automated research-paper recommender systems exist, these typically depend on either researcher’s entire library or just single pa...