We develop a framework based on Bayesian model averaging to explain how animals cope with uncertainty about contingencies in classical conditioning experiments. Traditional accounts of conditioning fit parameters within a fixed generative model of reinforcer delivery; uncertainty over the model structure is not considered. We apply the theory to explain the puzzling relationship between second-...

Focused on the emerging conditions of industrial capitalism in Britain in their own time, the classical economists were able to provide an account of the broad forces that influence economic growth and of the mechanisms underlying the growth process. Accumulation and productive investment of a part of the social surplus in the form of profits were seen as the main driving force. Hence, changes ...

Dependent Variable: Y Method: Least Squares Date: 05/23/00 Time: 05:55 Sample: 1 33 Included observations: 33 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 102192.4 12799.83 7.983891 0.0000 N -9074.674 2052.674 -4.420904 0.0001 P 0.354668 0.072681 4.879810 0.0000 I 1.287923 0.543294 2.370584 0.0246 R-squared 0.618154 Mean dependent var 125634.6 Adjusted R-squared 0.578653 S.D. dependent v...

This chapter of a collective book aims at presenting the basics of decision making under risk. We ...rst de...ne notions of risk and increasing risk and recall de...nitions and classi...cations (that are valid independently of any representation) of behavior under risk. We then review the classical model of expected utility due to von Neumann and Morgenstern and its main properties. Issues rais...

Determining the driving forces of economic growth has a paramount importance in economic studies. Early studies suggested physical capital accumulation as the main driving force of growth. However, the recent studies try to resolve the flaws of neo classical school on growth by expanding the concept of capital equipment and machinery to a wider range of human knowledge, on one hand, and in...

We begin with some thoughts on how model theory relates to other parts of mathematics, and on the indirect role of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem in this connection. With this in mind we consider in Section 2 the fields of real and p-adic numbers and show how these algebraic objects are understood model-theoretically: theorems of Tarski, Kochen, and Macintyre. This leads naturally to a discussi...

Robert J. Barro’s article, “Inflation and Growth,” presents the results of regressions of per capita output growth on inflation across countries and over time. He finds that there is a statistically significant negative slope coefficient estimate in these regressions; the estimate usually lies between 0.02 and 0.04. As far as I can tell, Barro wants to interpret these results as follows. Suppos...

in any classical risk model one of the important random variable is time to ruin. as time to ruin warns the management for possible adverse situations that may arise, the distribution of time to ruin place a vital role in the day to day transactions of the any insurance company. moments of the distribution are also important as coefficient of skewness of the distribution is very important in ac...