abstract  in the wake of renaissance, not only then art and literature pieces but the resulting diverse expressions well reflected the turning revolts in science, philosophy, and politics, and their association which is tremendously clear even among a single artist’s works, e.g. donatello’s sculptures, transparently echoing challenges between old traditions and then new reformations vastly infl...

Pontormo’s portrait of Alessandro de’ Medici ( c . 1534–35), showing the duke drawing a portrait of his beloved, cleverly engages with the history and fictive nature of art-making. Pliny’s tale about the invention of drawing forms one resonance, Castiglione’s praise of the noble art of drawing another, the theorization of disegno by Vasari and others yet a third. Poetic conventions about the pi...

The Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century set out to create a framework for a rational view of the world. Their reference point was Isaac Newton (1 ). They were convinced that everything could be explained scientifically and were not shy of broad generalizations: In particular, they believed, in analogy to Newtonian physics, that there existed laws that governed society (2, 3 ). The Enligh...

Cognitive systems are regarded to be compositional: The semantic values of complex representations are determined by, and dependent on, the semantic values of primitive representations. Both classical and connectionist networks fail to model compositionality in a plausible way. The paper introduces oscillatory networks as a third alternative. It provides neurobiological evidence for the adequac...

Architecture is one of the fine arts— despite its high technical content. It belongs with painting and sculpture. Historically—from ancient Greece through Rome, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance—painting and sculpture were closely associated with buildings. Sculptures and mosaics decorated buildings themselves—as, for instance, the Parthenon in Athens or the Byzantine churches— or they compl...

In an essay on Grote's History of Greece, John Stuart Mill remarked: ‘The battle Marathon, even as event in English history, is more important than the Hastings.’1 We may find this statement surprising, but Mill's contemporaries would not have. Just nineteenth-century European scholars focused ancient Orient and its religions largely because they thought modern Eastern cultures static or degrad...

This essay compares two distinct traditions of narrative theory: on the one hand, that of structuralist narratology as it emerged in the s and in its various subsequent manifestations; on the other, that of German-language Erzähltheorie as codified in the s, with a prehistory dating back to German classicism. Having mapped the connections between these traditions, this essay then concen...

Why did machine-age modernist architecture diffuse to Latin America so quickly after its rise in Continental Europe during the 1910s and 1920s? Why was it a more successful movement in relatively backward Brazil and Mexico than in more affluent and industrialized Argentina? After reviewing the historical development of architectural modernism in these three countries, several explanations are t...

The early reception of German letters in London can be better understood through a close reading the bookseller Constantin Geisweiler's short-lived journal Museum (1800–1801). 1790s have been described as an era literary ‘Germanomania’, numerous translations works appeared for first time English. By 1800, however, increasingly pejorative assessment supposedly pro-Jacobin and atheistic character...

This article proposes that the eighteenth-century novel Siebenkäs contains formulation of an aesthetic theory embraces same-sex desire. The novel's author, Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, still relatively unknown among literary scholars today, uses myth Narcissus as blueprint for novel. In doing so, he appears to comply with conventions espoused by his German Romantic peers, many whom considered s...