Using high-resolution adaptive-optics imaging combined with retinal densitometry, we characterized the arrangement of short- (S), middle- (M), and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cones in eight human foveal mosaics. As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even...

The propagation of cosmological ionization fronts during the reionization of the universe is strongly influenced by small-scale gas inhomogeneities due to structure formation. These inhomogeneities include both collapsed minihalos, which are generally self-shielding, and lower-density structures, which are not. The minihalos are dense and sufficiently optically-thick to trap intergalactic ioniz...

Most agronomic models estimate canopy light interception using the Beer-Lambert law. This method only accounts for leaf area index (LAI) and leaf angle distribution (LAD) without considering the crop’s structural heterogeneity in space, or soil-leaf or leaf-leaf radiative scattering. These factors have been extensively studied during the past ten years e.g; (Luquet et al. 1998; Nouvellon et al....

We present a series of 2-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of massive disks around protostars. We simulate the same physical problem using both a ‘Piecewise Parabolic Method’ (PPM) code and a ‘Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic’ (SPH) code, and analyze their differences. The disks studied here range in mass from 0.05M∗ to 1.0M∗ and in initial minimum Toomre Q value from 1.1 to 3.0. We adopt simp...

This study explores the relationship between laser waveforms and canopy structure parameters and the effects of the spatial arrangement of canopy structure on this relationship through a geometric optical model. Studying laser waveforms for such plant canopies is needed for the advanced retrieval of three-dimensional (3-D) canopy structure parameters from the vegetation canopy lidar (VCL) missi...

Besides the two well-known blood-clotting substances, coagulase and clumping factor, a third one has been identified from the staphylococci which is a cell surface polysaccharide, is alkali stable, and induces compact-colony formation in serum soft agar. Using some 97 clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, we found that in production and activity the substances were distinctly different.

a Department of Geography and Program in Planning, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St., Room 5047, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G3 b Tartu Observatory, Tõravere, 61602 Estonia c Department of Geography and Environment & Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA d Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts ...

Numerous external signals which activate inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in eukaryotes are known; probably all of these signals are transduced by G proteins. So far, neither signal-transducing G protein nor receptor-regulated phospholipase C has been found in prokaryotes. However, a group of bacteria, the myxobacteria, displays cellular and tissue-like differentiation; therefore, it appeared t...