Background Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common severe primary antibody deficiency. Although infections are prevalent clinical manifestations, a large amount of patients also suffer from immune dysregulation. This results in significant morbidity [1]. Different manifestations enteropathy can occur, yet little information available regarding its optimal treatment. Objective...

This paper introduces a simple variable gain amplifier (VGA) structure that shows an inherently dB-linear gain control property. Requiring no additional components for dB-linear control, the structure is compact and power efficient. The designed two-stage VGA shows a gain control range of 60dB with the gain error in the range of ±0.4 dB. The power consumption including the output buffer is 20.4...

In the medical, behavioral, social, and psychological sciences, latent variables represent unobservable traits that are measured by multiple observed variables. Latent variable models (LVMs) are useful tools for assessing the interrelationships among latent and observed variables. Due to their wide applications, LVMs have attracted significant attention from various fields. However, the majorit...