BACKGROUND T helper type 1 (Th1) response plays a permissive role in atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that adoptive transfer of a novel subtype of T lymphocytes called regulatory T cells type 1 (Tr1) would inhibit Th1 responses by inducing a bystander immune suppression and therefore limit the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Clones of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Tr1 cells exp...

A first-generation oral inactivated whole-cell enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine, comprising formalin-killed ETEC bacteria expressing different colonization factor (CF) antigens combined with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), when tested in phase III studies did not significantly reduce overall (generally mild) ETEC diarrhea in travelers or children although it reduced more severe ET...

To evaluate the thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) polymer as an adjuvant, we synthesized PNiPAAm through free radical polymerization and characterized it both in vitro and in vivo. The polymer when mixed with collagen type II (CII) induced antigen-specific autoimmunity and arthritis. Mice immunized with PNiPAAm-CII developed significant levels of CII-specific IgG response ...

Inflammatory pain involves the sensitization of both primary afferent and spinal cord neurons. To explore the neurochemical changes that contribute to inflammatory pain, we have examined the expression and ligand-induced internalization of the substance P receptor (SPR) in the spinal cord in acute, short-term, and long-term inflammatory pain states. These inflammatory models included unilateral...

Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) is a potent adjuvant that links innate and adaptive immune responses. To study how hsp70 activates naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo, we tracked Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in mice immunized with a fusion protein containing chicken OVA linked to hsp70 derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (OVA.TBhsp70). On a molar basis, OVA.TBhsp70 was several hundred times more effec...

experimental autoimmune vitiligo was induced by the intradermal injection of the purified mushroom tyrosinase emulsified in complete freund’s adjuvant (cfa) in female c57bl/6 mice. the onset of vitiligo was characterized by hair hypopigmentation and total melanocyte depletion in the basal layer of the epidermis. oral administration of semipurified mushroom tyrosinase prevented experimental auto...

PURPOSE Aluminum hydroxide (Al) is an adjuvant to induce Th2 immune responses. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pretreatment with Al on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a Th1 disease model. METHODS Lewis rats were pretreated with an uveitogenic peptide (#29)/Al, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)/Al or PBS. EAU was then induced by immunization of #29 in complete...

Partially purified antigenic fractions of Leishmania major promastigotes were obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) and electro-elution. Three isolated protein fractions designated as frac‌tions (Fr.) 1, 2, and 3 correspond to 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 kilodalton (kDa) respectively. They were used for immunization of BALB/c mice against Leishmaniasis. The effects of these fractions on immune...

Introduction: The systemic and local content of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play substantial roles in pathophysiology of arthritis. This study was purposed to verify the roles of synovial TNF-α, IL-6 and fractalkine (Fkn) in edema changes during different stages of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced knee arthritis in rats. Methods: 168 male Wistar rats were divided i...