Since the onset of antiviral therapy, viral resistance has compromised the clinical value of small-molecule drugs targeting pathogen components. As intracellular parasites, viruses complete their life cycle by hijacking a multitude of host-factors. Aiming at the latter rather than the pathogen directly, host-directed antiviral therapy has emerged as a concept to counteract evolution of viral re...

The brain offers a unique microenvironment that plays an important role in the establishment and progression of metastasis. However, the molecular determinants that promote development of melanoma brain metastases are largely unknown. Utilizing two species of immune-compromised animals, with in vivo cultivated metastatic tissues along with their corresponding host tissues in a metastasis model,...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium, Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen capable of infecting humans with compromised natural defenses and causing severe pulmonary disease. It is one of the leading pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. It has a vast arsenal of pathogenicity factors that are used to interfere with host defenses. Pathogenesis in P. aeruginosa facilitates adhes...

The second law of thermodynamics—the usual statement of the arrow of time—has been called the most fundamental law of physics. It is thus difficult to conceive that a single dynamical system could contain subsystems, in significant mutual contact, possessing opposite thermodynamic arrows of time. By examining cosmological justification for the usual arrow it is found that a consistent way to es...

Rationale Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy is neither necessary nor recommended for the support of normal, uncompromised skin grafts or flaps. However, in tissue compromised by irradiation or in other cases where there is decreased perfusion or hypoxia, HBO2 has been shown to be extremely useful in flap salvage. Hyperbaric oxygen can help maximize the viability of the compromised tissue thereby...

This paper presents a logical system, CIULDS, as a labelled realization to our approach of Compromising Interfering Updates. The approach proposes a method for handling logically con icting inputs into knowledge bases, via restricting their consequences. The main idea is to update the database with as many consistent consequences of the inputs as possible, in the case that the inputs themselves...

a two-year laboratory study on the biology (including self-fertilization) of bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of schistosoma haematobium, s. bovis and paramphistomum microbotrium in iran, has revealed information on the longevity, reproduction, hatchability rate, hatching time during various months of the year, and growth and mortality rates of this snail. it was found that the reproduc...