The nucleus accumbens is involved in different types of emotional learning, ranging from appetitive instrumental learning to Pavlovian fear conditioning. In previous studies, we found that temporary inactivation of the nucleus accumbens blocked both the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. This was not due to altered dopaminergic activity as we have also found that intra-nucleus accu...

Krasnogorski (1913), who was working with Pavlov in St. Petersburg, described his experiments on establishing conditioned reflexes in children. His methods were expanded by Mateer (1918) whose paper will be described later. No further relevant work on the subject was published until Pavlov's famous book on Conditioned Reflexes (Pavlov, 1927). This work is well known and only a brief summary of ...

Neural stimuli associated with traumatic events can readily become conditioned so as to reinstate the memory of the original trauma. These conditioned fear responses can last a lifetime and may be especially resistant to extinction. A large amount of data from many different laboratories indicate that the amygdala plays a crucial role in conditioned fear. The amygdala receives information from ...

Słowa kluczowe: odruchy warunkowe, odruchy bezwarunkowe, doświadczenie Pawłowa, sztuczny neuron, reguła Hebba, odruch warunkowy drugiego rzędu, zespół odruchów warunkowych Abstract. Neural model of the Pavlov experiment has been tested. The model explains the mechanism of conditioned reflex and it is a basis for the construction of models controlling the reflexes. An extension of the model into...

Rabbits were infused with AP5, an NMDA receptor antagonist, into the region of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus during classical eyeblink conditioning with a tone conditioned stimulus and an air puff unconditioned stimulus. Acquisition of the conditioned eyeblink response was delayed in rabbits infused with AP5 but the NMDA receptor antagonist had little effect on conditioned responses when ...

Two experiments using garden snails (Helix aspersa) showed conditioned inhibition using both retardation and summation tests. Conditioned inhibition is a procedure by which a stimulus becomes a predictor of the absence of a relevant event--the unconditioned stimulus (US). Typically, conditioned inhibition consists of pairings between an initially neutral conditioned stimulus, CS(2), and an effe...

BACKGROUND Sarcomas consist of both tumor and stromal cells, and the interaction between these compartments is critical for tumor progression and metastasis. Tumor-derived factors may alter the differentiation capacity of the adjacent stromal cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate the paracrine impact of liposarcoma cells on pre-adipocytes, their adipogenic differentiation process and mi...

Neural stimuli associated with traumatic events can readily become conditioned so as to reinstate the memory of the original trauma.These conditioned fear responses can last a lifetime and may be especially resistant to extinction. A large amount of data from many di¡erent laboratories indicate that the amygdala plays a crucial role in conditioned fear.The amygdala receives information from all...