OBJECTIVE To determine whether EEG spectral analysis could be used to demonstrate awareness in patients with severe brain injury. METHODS We recorded EEG from healthy controls and three patients with severe brain injury, ranging from minimally conscious state (MCS) to locked-in-state (LIS), while they were asked to imagine motor and spatial navigation tasks. We assessed EEG spectral differenc...

Propylene glycol (PG) is commonly used as a solvent for odorous chemicals employed in studies of the olfactory system because PG has been considered to be odorless for humans and other animals. However, if laboratory rats can detect the vapor of PG and if exposure to this influences behaviors, such effects might confound data obtained from experiments exposing conscious rats to odorants dissolv...

Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide originally isolated from the stomach. Intravenous administration of ghrelin has been shown to elicit a decrease in arterial pressure without a significant change in heart rate (HR), suggesting that ghrelin may act on the central nervous system to modulate sympathetic activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the central effects of ghrelin on cardio...

Preamble The member States of the Council of Europe, the other States and the European Community, signatories hereto, Bearing in mind the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948; Bearing in mind the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950; Bearing in mind the European Soc...

Clonidine was nonhypotensive in conscious unrestrained rats maintained on a normal sodium intake. In contradistinction, clonidine caused a dose-related hypotension in conscious unrestrained rats subjected to sodium depletion via furosemide. The plasma renin activity of normal and sodium-depleted rats was reduced after the administration of clonidine (100 mug/kg, iv) by 22.8% and 34.4%, respecti...