This article describes procedures for presenting standardized measures of effect size when contrasts are used to ask focused questions of data. The simplest contrasts consist of comparisons of two samples (e.g., based on the independent t statistic). Useful effect-size indices in this situation are members of the g family (e.g., Hedges's g and Cohen's d) and the Pearson r. We review expressions...

Recently, evidence has been accumulating which indicates that infants from 1 to 5 months of age can discriminate speech or speechlike contrasts. It has been shown, for example, that infants can discriminate between synthetic samples of the voiced and voiceless stop consonants [b] and [p] (Eimas, Siqueland, Jusczyk, & Vigorito, 1971; Trehub & Rabinovitch, 1972), natural speech versions of [b] an...

This paper investigates the perception of non-native phoneme contrasts which exist in the native language, but not in the position tested. Like English, Dutch contrasts voiced and voiceless obstruents. Unlike English, Dutch allows only voiceless obstruents in word-final position. Dutch and English listeners' accuracy on English final voicing contrasts and their use of preceding vowel duration a...

What factors influence how languages use voicing and aspiration? Some influences are phonetic: a salient auditory boundary between short and long lag VOT values favors the perception of aspiration contrasts, while a clear gestural distinction favors the production of voicing contrasts. But even within a language, speakers differ in how they produce contrasts. Examination of speaker variation in...

5 Linear models and populations 7 5.1 Case weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2 Categorical predictors and contrasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3 Different codings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.4 Sums of squares and projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

The causal-contrast approach is a new teaching method that recruits learners’ implicit causal discovery process to improve math learning by juxtaposing contrasting information critical to discovering the goal of each solution step. Students often blindly memorize mathematical procedures and have difficulty transferring their knowledge to novel problems. By enabling learners to infer the goal of...

Contrast analysis of repeated-measures data generally focuses on hypotheses when only 1 pattern of results is of theoretical interest. This article articulates a framework for contrast analysis in repeated-measures contexts in which researchers have hypotheses relevant to 1 potential pattern or multiple potential patterns of results. For example, a researcher might ask whether participants exhi...

Uncertainties are ubiquitous and unavoidable in process design and modeling. Because they can significantly affect the safety, reliability and economic decisions, it is important to quantify these uncertainties and reflect their propagation effect to process design. This paper proposes the application of generalized polynomial chaos (gPC)-based approach for uncertainty quantification and sensit...

This research discusses the application of a mixed-integer-binary small-population-based evolutionary particle swarm optimization to the problem of optimal power flow, where the optimization problem has been formulated taking into account four decision variables simultaneously: active power (continuous), voltage generator (continuous), tap position on transformers (integer) and shunt devices (b...

ackground & Aims: Alarm features such as dysphaia, weight loss, or anemia raise concern of an upper astrointestinal malignancy in patients with dyspepia. The aim of this study was to determine the diagostic accuracy of alarm features in predicting maligancy by performing a metaanalysis based on the ublished literature. Methods: English-language studes were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBAS...