Starch biosynthesis is a complex and highly controlled process that requires coordinated activities among multiple enzymes. synthase III (SSIII) the largest protein in starch its function to lengthen long-chain amylopectin synthesis. It potentially affects activity of other key enzymes synthesis through protein–protein interactions; therefore, regulation play predominant role In this review, we...

Superficial scald is a postharvest disorder of apples related to increased ethylene production in stored fruit which leads α-farnesene accumulation and oxidation. Ionizing irradiation inhibits has been shown reduce superficial scald, but this phenomenon not explored at the molecular level. The goal study was determine effect on gene expression enzymes ‘Granny Smith’ apples. Irradiation 310 Gy c...

Coronatine, syringomycin, syringopeptin, tabtoxin, and phaseolotoxin are the most intensively studied phytotoxins of Pseudomonas syringae, and each contributes significantly to bacterial virulence in plants. Coronatine functions partly as a mimic of methyl jasmonate, a hormone synthesized by plants undergoing biological stress. Syringomycin and syringopeptin form pores in plasma membranes, a pr...

Isotopic compositions of carbon-bound hydrogen in individual compounds from eight different organisms were measured using isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This technique is capable of measuring D/H ratios at natural abundance in individual lipids yielding as little as 20 nmol of H2, and is applicable to a wide range of compounds including hydrocarbons, sterols, and...

Hypocotyl elongation is extensively controlled by hormone signaling networks. In particular, auxin metabolism and signaling play key roles in light-dependent hypocotyl growth. The nuclear matrix facilitates organization of DNA within the nucleus, and dynamic interactions between nuclear matrix and DNA are related to gene regulation. Conserved scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are anch...

The insulin signaling pathway has been implicated in several physiological and developmental processes. In mammals, it controls expression of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA Reductase (HMGCR), a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. In insects, which can not synthesize cholesterol de novo, the HMGCR is implicated in the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone (JH). However, the link between the insul...

Large hydrogen-isotopic (D/H) fractionations between lipids and growth water have been observed in most organisms studied to date. These fractionations are generally attributed to isotope effects in the biosynthesis of lipids, and are frequently assumed to be approximately constant for the purpose of reconstructing climatic variables. Here, we report D/H fractionations between lipids and water ...

Priming of seed is intended to reduce the time germination through activation pre-germinative processes. Seed priming controlled hydration followed by a drying (dehydration) process. The physiological processes during (imbibition) were studied in detail tomato. In contrast, gibberellic acid changes dehydration phase not detail. We hypothesize that there would be change GA concentration process,...

Dark-grown dicotyledonous seedlings form a hook-like structure at the top of the hypocotyl, which is controlled by the hormones auxin and ethylene. Hook formation is dependent on an auxin signal gradient, whereas hook exaggeration is part of the triple response provoked by ethylene in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. Several other hormones and light are also known to be involved in hook develo...