Abstract This work evaluates how well Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 models reproduce the climatology of North American severe convective storm (SCS) environments in ERA5 reanalysis and examines what drives biases across models. Biases spring SCS vary widely magnitude spatial pattern, though most do reproducing climatological pattern a few (MPI CNRM) also overall magnitude. are driven ...

Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. [1] When carbon dioxide (CO 2) dissolves into water, the density of water increases. This seemingly insubstantial p...

Thermohaline interleaving is an important mechanism for laterally fluxing salt, heat, and nutrients between water masses. Interleaving is driven by a release of potential energy resulting from the differing diffusivities of heat and salt in seawater. The flows are composed of stacked intrusions that flux more buoyant and less buoyant water in opposite directions. In this paper, we investigate t...

Work, by dissipative structures (DS), imposes delay on energy gradient degradation. It diverts energy flow into DS maintenance while enhancing energy degradation. DS can be viewed as tradeoffs between enhancing entropy production maximization (the maximum entropy production principle, MEP) by way of convective gradient degradation, and the need to maintain DS form, which is what mediates the co...

Recently, observations of electrified oceanic convection and associated cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning were obtained over the tropical western Pacific Ocean during TOGA COARE (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment) . During COARE, observations of convection were made using a variety of instrument platforms including ship and airborne Doppler radars, an ad...

Proximity soundings (within 2 h and 167 km) of derechos (long-lived, widespread damaging convective windstorms) and supercells have been obtained. More than 65 derechos, accompanied by 115 proximity soundings, are identified during the years 1983 to 1993. The derechos have been divided into categories according to the synoptic situation: strong forcing (SF), weak forcing (WF), and ‘‘hybrid’’ ca...

In this study, the effect of thermodynamic environmental changes on hurricane intensity is extensively investigated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory hurricane model for a suite of experiments with different initial upper-tropospheric temperature anomalies up to 648C and sea surface temperatures ranging from 268 to 318C given the same...

This study discussed the influence of aerosols on relative frequency positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and its dependence thermodynamic cloud-related factors in Sichuan during warm season from 2005 to 2017. The CG is defined as proportion flashes total flashes. Although density Western Plateau significantly lower than that Basin, higher basin. Convective available potential energy (CAPE) ...