In some data envelopment analysis (DEA) applications, some inputs of DMUs have negative values with positive cost. This paper generalizes the global cost Malmquist productivity index to compare the productivity of different DMUs with negative inputs in any two periods of times under variable returns to scale (VRS) technology, and then the generalized index is decomposed to several components. T...

This paper proposes tools which will be used to optimize multi-level assembly under lead time uncertainty. One type of finished products and several types of components are considered. We suppose that each component has a fixed unit inventory cost and the finished product has backlogging and inventory holding costs per unit of time. The lead times of components are discrete random variables, an...

Software Component Reuse has applied to a wide spectrum of software development. Software Component Reuse provide cost, time saving, etc. with increased product quality and decreased development cost. The component based approach involves constructing the application from different kinds of components store in reusable repositories. To retrieve the exact component from reusable repositories is ...

This paper provides an international overview of the most recent estimates of the social costs of road crashes: total costs, value per casualty and breakdown in cost components. The analysis is based on publications about the national costs of road crashes of 17 countries, of which ten high income countries (HICs) and seven low and middle income countries (LMICs). Costs are expressed as a propo...

In embedded systems, most functionality can be implemented either by special-purpose hardware or by a software program running on a general-purpose processor. Hardware/software partitioning is concerned with deciding which functions should be implemented in hardware and which ones in software. It aims at finding an optimal trade-off between conflicting requirements on performance, power, costs,...

Objective: Type 2 diabetes is amongst the most common chronic illnesses in Iran. Its prevalence is increasing and it has significant economic importance. The aim of this study was to estimate direct therapeutic and non-therapeutic costs of type 2 diabetes Patients Referred to the Diabetes Research Center of Yazd in 2012. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 ...

Cost assessment related to age of multiple components is discussed. We use definitions of equivalent ages in multi-dimensional life to illustrate how cost characteristics should be fairly assessed. Pricing of used items with residual value and assigning warranty for used items as a function of item’s age are the subjects of our study. Numeric examples based on correlated Bivariate normal distri...