Adoptive transfer of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL), T-cell receptor (TCR)-transduced PBL and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-transduced PBL have proven to be clinically effective. CARs have evolved by introducing cytoplastic costimulatory domains. Higher cytokine secretion and longer persistence of CARtransduced T-cells in vivo imply important roles of costimulatory signals. In contrast,...

Background: OX40 (CD134) is a costimulatory molecule induced by its ligand (OX40L). expresses predominantly on activated/memory CD4+ T cells and regulatory (Treg) cells. Atopic dermatitis (AD) common inflammatory skin disease, currently considered as biphasic disease with TH2 predominating in the acute phase switching to TH1 skewing chronic phase. A recent clinical trial suggests monoclonal ant...

Several different vaccine strategies have been evaluated and combined in an attempt to amplify T-cell responses toward induction of antitumor immunity. The model tumor antigen used was carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). While initial T-cell activation studies were conducted in conventional mice, combined vaccine strategy studies and antitumor studies were conducted in transgenic mice in which CEA ...

require two signals for full activation, but the mechanisms of how these signals function have been only recently elucidated (1). The first signal is provided by the T-cell receptor after interacting with the MHC/antigenic peptide complex. This so-called “signal one” confers antigen specificity to the immune response but alone is insufficient for full T-cell activation. Indeed, T cells receivin...

Long-term resistance to Toxoplasma gondii is dependent on the development of parasite-specific T cells that produce IFN-gamma. CD28 is a costimulatory molecule important for optimal activation of T cells, but CD28(-/-) mice are resistant to T. gondii, demonstrating that CD28-independent mechanisms regulate T cell responses during toxoplasmosis. The identification of the B7-related protein 1/ind...

OBJECTIVES Costimulatory gene polymorphisms have been proposed to affect the hepatitis B virus pathogenesis by affecting regulation of immune responses. The association between costimulatory molecule gene polymorphisms including CTLA4, PD.1, ICOS, and CD28 with hepatitis B virus infection has been evaluated in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-secti...

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes through costimulatory molecules and cytokines are essential for mounting an efficient immune response and controlling its pathogenic potential. Here we demonstrate the immunomodulatory capacity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, through its ability to induce differential expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokin...