In District of Columbia v. Heller, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to own handguns in the home for protection, invalidating a Washington, D.C. law banning most handgun possession. The Heller decision, however, provided lower courts with little guidance regarding how to judge the constitutionality of gun laws other than handgun bans. Neverthe...

The public debate concerning evaluation of evidence in criminal cases has been characterised by a couple of misconceptions. The first is linked with criticism, frequent among both laymen and jurists, directed at the courts for having relaxed the required standard of proof with regard to a certain case or a certain type of cases. The second misunderstanding, which arises for obvious reasons only...

Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted on treatment-based courts, there is little quantitative evidence that describes the relationship between the judge and the probationer. The present study examines perceptions of the judge-probationer relationship (JPR), procedural justice, and outcome satisfaction within a co-occurring disorders court (CODC) in Orange County, Califor...

The modifications that have taken place within youth sports have made games, such as basketball, soccer, or tennis, easier for children to play. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects low compression (LC) tennis balls and scaled tennis courts had on the forehand groundstroke performance of children. The forehand groundstroke performances of eight subjects' (8.10 ± 0.74 yrs) usin...

Introduction Few cases before the Supreme Court have been preceded by so many rival interpretations and grand predictions—from the death of modern antitrust policy to the end of professional football1—as American Needle v. National Football League.2 The Court’s decision reversed the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which had held that with regard to licensing NFL intellectual prop...

The 1973 case Nelson v. Planned Parenthood Center of Tucson established the legality of abortion [3] in Arizona. The Arizona Court of Appeals ruled that the Arizona Revised Statutes 13-211, 13-212, and 13-213, collectively called the Arizona abortion [3] statutes, were unconstitutional. The statutes had made illegal receiving, providing, or advertising abortions. After the Arizona Appeals Court...

The mid-sixteenth century saw dramatic transformations in the image of the Russian monarchy. In 1547 Ivan IV the Terrible (1530–84) adopted a new title, that of tsar. Powerful images of the tsar and his realm also appeared in Russian works of art, architectural monuments, literary texts and court rituals. The historian David Miller sees court art and ritual as attempts to build a new national p...

Courts are an important element in the institutional framework of labor markets, often determining the actual degree of employment protection. German labor courts provide a vivid example in this regard. However, we know relatively little about actual court behavior. A unique data set on German labor court verdicts reveals that social and other criteria like employee characteristics, the type of...