The cellulose-rich walls that protect plant cells are difficult to digest, and therefore mechanical food processing is a key aspect of herbivory across vertebrates. Cell walls are typically broken down by translation of flattened teeth in the occlusal plane (i.e. grinding) as part of a complex, rhythmic chewing stroke. The grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, is a voracious, invasive herbivorou...

TWEAK and APRIL are important members of the TNF superfamily, which play a crucial role in several diseases. Here, we describe the identification of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) homologs of TWEAK and APRIL (designated gcTWEAK and gcAPRIL, respectively) and their response to Aeromonas hydrophila and Aquareovirus infection. The gcTWEAK cDNA sequence contains 2273 bases with an open readin...

The aim of the study has been to estimate the effect of culture conditions and a culture site on magnesium (Mg) concentrations in freshwater fish. The study encompassed tissues (blood) and organs (gills, liver, kidney, dorsal muscles) of five fish species: common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt), northern pike (Es...