many real world problems can be modelled as an optimization problem. evolutionary algorithms are used to solve these problems. ant colony algorithm is a class of evolutionary algorithms that have been inspired of some specific ants looking for food in the nature. these ants leave trail pheromone on the ground to mark good ways that can be followed by other members of the group. ant colony optim...

Abstract The pipeline system of plant is installed with an insulation layer on the outer wall pipeline. Currently, primary methods detecting ultrasound and uradiographic testing, which require removal outside before testing. As a result, time extends, labor costs increase, increase risk accidental exposure. Applying PEC technique for steam pipelines can eliminate disassembly achieve non-stop on...

Purpose – This paper sets out to examine the operationalisation of knowledge creation. Given the importance of knowledge creation for national and corporate wealth, assessing its measurement is a valuable exercise; however, current research utilises a range of measures, and this lack of agreed construct operationalisation is a barrier to robust empirical investigation. This paper aims to review...