In the present paper, a comparative study of different cylindrical and conical substructures was performed under breaking wave loading with open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package OpenFoam capable development numerical tank (NWT) use Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, k-ω Shear Stress Transport (k-ω SST) turbulence model, volume fluid (VOF) method. The validity NWT...

This work describes the formation, perfusion, and maturation of three-dimensional microvascular tubes in vitro. These tubes consisted of confluent monolayers of human endothelial cells that lined open, cylindrical channels within collagen gels. Perivascular cells could be directly embedded within the gels or added after endothelial cells grew to confluence. The tubes spanned the entire 5-7 mm e...

Power stations with high heads are nowadays almost without exception designed so as to have one pipeline, or a few pipelines, supplying the water to the turbines. The penstocks are connected to a distributor, which has the task of distributing the flow with the lowest possible losses of energy to the individual turbines. The function and location of this section of the plant make it understanda...

Plants of Zea mays were grown with their roots confined to growing tubes, consisting of cylindrical or spherical glass tubes fitted at the bottom with a stopcock. Nutrient solution was circulated past the roots, and when a plant was 21 to 25 days old, the stopcock was closed, the root excised from the plant and connected to an apparatus which measured root pressure and exudation volume flow rat...