Abstract Short non-coding RNA molecules (sRNAs) play a fundamental role in gene regulation and development higher organisms. They act as molecular postcodes guide AGO proteins to target nucleic acids. In plants, sRNA-targeted mRNAs are degraded, reducing expression. contrast, DNA sequences undergo cytosine methylation referred RNA-directed (RdDM). Cytosine can suppress transcription, thus sRNAs...

The discovery of cytosine hydroxymethylation (5hmC) suggested a simple means of demethylating DNA and activating genes. Further experiments, however, unearthed an unexpectedly complex process, entailing both passive and active mechanisms of DNA demethylation by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) and AID/APOBEC families of enzymes. The consensus emerging from these studies is that removal of cyt...

The rate of nitrous acid deamination of labeled cytosine residues in native Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid was monitored in vitro by release of acidsoluble counts after treatment with uracil deoxyribonucleic acid glycosylase. The reaction exhibited a lag and was not stimulated by several agents previously shown to enhance base substitution mutagenesis during nitrous acid treatment of du...

High dose (1-3 g/m2 every 12 hours) cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is a potent treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in consolidation therapy which is well known that improves the diseasefree-survival (DFS). Cerebellar neurotoxicity is well-recognized complication following high-dose cytosine arabinoside (≥3 g/m2 every 12 hours), but peripheral neurotoxicity is not common as well. This poten...

The Rac2 gene sequence contains 7 exons (Courjal et al., 1997) and is expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells. Human Rac2 gene locus is silenced in non-hematopoietic cells by a mechanism that involves DNA methylation (Ladd et al., 2004). Cells that lack Rac2 expression exhibit increased cytosine methylation in the sequences flanking the gene, whereas cells that express Rac2 exhibit increa...