Under mechanical loading, most living cells show a viscoelastic deformation that follows a power law in time. After removal of the mechanical load, the cell shape recovers only incompletely to its original undeformed configuration. Here, we show that incomplete shape recovery is due to an additive plastic deformation that displays the same power-law dynamics as the fully reversible viscoelastic...

The modern American labor law system relating to collective bargaining and industrial relations has emerged from a swirl of common-law, anti-trust and statutes relating to labor injunctions, damage actions and criminal prosecutions. The modern labor law framework is to be found principally in the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (initially called the Wagner Act) which has been amended in pr...

Offshore wind energy is being developed on a very large scale in the European seas. The objective of developing wind energy offshore is to capture greater wind speeds than are encountered onshore and as a result more energy. With this also come more challenges in the design of wind turbines due to the hostile offshore environment. Currently the standards for offshore wind turbines prescribe a s...

OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of the North Carolina law mandating that all front seat passengers use a safety belt on children 4 through 15 years of age. METHODS North Carolina collision reports, completed by local police or the state highway patrol for crashes with greater than $500 worth of damage, were analyzed using time series analysis on the monthly percentage of deaths and serious in...

Many formation guidance laws have been proposed for UAV formation flight. Since most autonomous formation flight methods require various active communication links between the vehicles to know motion information of other vehicles, damage to the receiver or the transmitter and communication delay are critical problem to achieve a given formation flight mission. Therefore, in this point of view, ...

Fatigue damage is an irreversible progression which can be represented by the entropy increase, and it is well known that the second law of thermodynamics can describe an irreversible process. Based on the concept of entropy, the second law of thermodynamics can provide the changing direction of system. In the current study, a new entropy increment model is developed based on the frame work of ...

Piezoelectric material has been emerging as a popular building block in MEMS devices owing to its unique mechanical and electrical material properties. However, the reliability of MEMS devices under buckling deformation environments remains elusive and needs to be further explored. Based on the Talreja's tensor valued internal state damage variables as well as the Helmhotlz free energy of piezo...

The identification of damage variables and their growth with loading in two dimensions by using only full-field displacement measurements has been proposed in this study. The equilibrium gap method is used to estimate the damage field during a biaxial experiment on a sample made of a composite material. From the analysis of a sequence of measurements, a proposed form of constitutive law is test...

A majority of the thin-walled components subjected to intensive plastic straining at cryogenic temperatures are made of stainless steels. The examples of such components can be found in the interconnections of particle accelerators, containing the superconducting magnets, where the thermal contraction is absorbed by thin-walled, axisymetric shells called bellows expansion joints. The stainless ...

Hemolysis caused by flow in hypodermic needles interferes with a number of tests on blood samples drawn by venipuncture, including assays for metabolites, electrolytes, and enzymes, causes discomfort during dialysis sessions, and limits transfusion flow rates. To evaluate design modifications to address this problem, as well as hemolysis issues in other cardiovascular devices, computational flu...