Midbrain dopamine neurons are thought to signal predictions about future rewards based on the memory of past rewarding experience. Little is known about the source of their reward memory and the factors that control its timescale. Here we recorded from dopamine neurons, as well as one of their sources of input, the lateral habenula, while animals predicted upcoming rewards based on the past rew...

Nowadays, the management of big data has become an emerging question for companies. Managers in conglomerates, or corporations made up many businesses, concern more about as integration and sharing inside corporate can bring product innovation, risk control operation efficiency. To solve technical managerial problems that hinder sharing, this study drew reference from federal enterprise archite...

Case-based reasoning (CBR) systems define knowledge in terms of a memory or library of past cases and a retrieval mechanism that revolves around retrieving data relevant to a goal query. Additionally, such systems employ an adaptation component that transforms the retrieved data into a solution to the problem expressed by the original query. The combination of goal query and the subsequent solu...

—This paper proposes a View-Oriented Transac-tional Memory (VOTM) model to seamlessly integrate different concurrency control methods including locking mechanism and transactional memory. The model allows programmers to partition the shared memory into " views " which are non-overlapping sets of shared data objects. A Restricted Admission Control (RAC) scheme is proposed to control the number o...