This document accompanies a video of the same name originally presented at ICANN'93 (Am-sterdam) in September 1993. We use a modiied version of the Hyperplane Animator to visualize learning dynamics in the 14-2-14 encoder. The aim of the video is to demonstrate the eeects of common variations on standard Backpropagation (e.g., `soft' targets, on-line updates), alternative cost functions (Cross ...

With the explosion of digitized information, libraries stand at the cutting edge for research universities and other institutions of higher education. At the same time, libraries are under increasing pressure to justify every expenditure. Historically the justification has involved assessing the size of a library, in various ways, and determining its rank or position among a group of peer insti...

We classify the contributions of DEA literature assessing Decision Making Units (DMUs) whose internal structure is known. Starting from an elementary framework, we define the main research areas as shared flow, multilevel and network models, depending on the assumptions they are subject to. For each model category, the principal mathematical formulations are introduced along with their main var...

Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are often extended for constant or variable returns to scale assumptions based on the under-investigated technology. It is assumed that all inputs and outputs real-valued data. However, in many practical applications, proportionality convexity axioms require be modified. This study attempts further expand upon hybrid DEA presence of integer-va...

We survey the methodological advances in DEA over the last 25 years and discuss the necessary conditions for a sound empirical application. We hope this survey will contribute to the further dissemination of DEA, the knowledge of its relative strengths and weaknesses, and the tools currently available for exploiting its full potential. Our main points are illustrated by the case of the DEA stud...

In today’s highly competitive marketplace, technology-driven organizations widely adopt decentralized profit-center business model. In order to complete a series of new product development (NPD) activities on time and within budgetary constraints, the NPD managers need an objective benchmarking approach to gain accurate perception on the relations of resource allocations, profits, costs and tim...

For better guiding a system, senior managers should have accurate information. Using Data Envelopment analysis (DEA) help managers in this objective. Thus, many investigations have been made in order to find the most productive scale size (MPSS) for the evaluating decision making units (DMUs). In this paper we consider this case where there exist subsets of input and output variables to be inte...