Debugging is the most unpredictable and potentially expensive phase of the software development life-cycle. Declarative debuggers ask the user questions about the correctness of subcomputations in their program. Based on the user’s answers, subcomputations that cannot be the cause of the buggy behaviour are eliminated. Eventually one subcomputation is left which must be the cause of the buggy b...

NoN-REM SlEEp, REM SlEEp, aNd MEMoRy Several studies investigated the effect of sleep on memory. In humans, arguably the first experimental description of a beneficial role of sleep for memory stabilization was provided in 1924 (1), indicating a protective benefit of sleep in preventing the normal decay-curve of forgetting that develops across time spent awake. Specific stages of sleep appear t...

A fundamental issue about memory and its different forms is whether learning can occur without the development of conscious knowledge of what is learned. Amnesic patients and control subjects performed a serial reaction time task, exhibiting equivalent learning of an imbedded repeating sequence as measured by gradually improving reaction times. In contrast, four tests of declarative (explicit) ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the heritability of memory and other cognitive measures in families with multiple individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) to determine if neuropsychological measures can be used to better understand genetic contributions to AD. METHODS The genetic contributions to the variation in declarative memory, attention, abstract reasoning, language, and visuospatial function u...

Whereas patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience difficulties forming and retrieving memories, their memory impairments may also partially reflect an unrecognized dysfunction in sleep-dependent consolidation that normally stabilizes declarative memory storage across cortical areas. Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) exhibit circumscribed declarative memory deficits...

Sleep affects declarative memory for emotional stimuli differently than it affects declarative memory for nonemotional stimuli. However, the interaction between specific sleep characteristics and emotional memory is not well understood. Recent studies on how sleep affects emotional memory have focused on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) but have not addressed non-REM sleep, particularly sleep spi...

Prevailing theory holds that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) subserves declarative memory exclusively, whereas nondeclarative memory is independent of this brain region. Recent studies in patients with amnesia, however, have shown that performance on declarative memory tasks may not always be dependent on a single MTL memory system, instead highlighting the critical role of anatomically distinct...

1875 Scrima’s Hypothesis Revisited—Deliens et al INTRODUCTION A positive contribution of post-learning sleep in the consolidation of new information in long-term memory is now widely recognized.1-7 Beneficial effects of post-learning sleep have been highlighted for various memory systems, such as verbal declarative memory,8,9 emotional memory,10,11 or spatial learning,12 and non-declarative mot...